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Anti-globalization movement
The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalisation movement,〔Jacques Derrida (May 2004) ''(Enlightenment past and to come )'', speech at the party for 50 years of ''Le Monde diplomatique''〕 is a social movement critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist movement, anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization.
Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas.〔No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs by Canadian journalist Naomi Klein.〕 What is shared is that participants oppose what they see as large, multi-national corporations having unregulated political power, exercised through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets. Specifically, corporations are accused of seeking to maximize profit at the expense of work safety conditions and standards, labor hiring and compensation standards, environmental conservation principles, and the integrity of national legislative authority, independence and sovereignty. As of January 2012, some commentators have characterized the unprecedented changes in the global economy as "turbo-capitalism" (Edward Luttwak), "market fundamentalism" (George Soros), "casino capitalism" (Susan Strange),〔Strange, Susan: Casino Capitalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.〕 and as "McWorld" (Benjamin Barber).
Many anti-globalization activists call for forms of global integration that better provide democratic representation, advancement of human rights, fair trade and sustainable development and therefore feel the term "anti-globalization" is misleading.〔Morris, Douglas ''(Globalization and Media Democracy: The Case of Indymedia )'' (pre-publication version)〕〔Podobnik, Bruce, ''(Resistance to Globalization: Cycles and Evolutions in the Globalization Protest Movement )'', p. 2. Podobnik states that "the vast majority of groups that participate in these protests draw on international networks of support, and they generally call for forms of globalization that enhance democratic representation, human rights, and egalitarianism." 〕〔Stiglitz, Joseph & Andrew Charlton. 2005. ''Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development''. p. 54 n. 23 (writing that "The anti-globalization movement developed in opposition to the perceived negative aspects of globalization. The term 'anti-globalization' is in many ways a misnomer, since the group represents a wide range of interests and issues and many of the people involved in the anti-globalization movement do support closer ties between the various peoples and cultures of the world through, for example, aid, assistance for refugees, and global environmental issues.")〕
==Ideology and causes==
(詳細はBretton Woods institutions, states, and multinational corporations has been called "globalization" or "globalization from above." In reaction, various social movements emerged to challenge their influence; these movements have been called "anti-globalization" or "globalization from below."〔Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio & Smith, William C., 2001, ''Protest and Collaboration: Transnational Civil Society Networks and the Politics of Summitry and Free Trade in the Americas'', pp. 4-6.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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