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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (;〔Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary''. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.〕 (ギリシア語:Ἀντισθένης); c. 445 – c. 365 BC) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
==Life==
Antisthenes was born c. 445 BC and was the son of Antisthenes, an Athenian. His mother was a Thracian.〔''Suda'', ''Antisthenes''.; Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 1〕 In his youth he fought at Tanagra (426 BC), and was a disciple first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates, at whose death he was present.〔Plato, ''Phaedo'', 59b.〕 He never forgave his master's persecutors, and is said to have been instrumental in procuring their punishment.〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 9〕 He survived the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), as he is reported to have compared the victory of the Thebans to a set of schoolboys beating their master.〔Plutarch, ''Lycurgus'', 30.〕 Although one source tells us that he died at the age of 70,〔Eudocia, ''Violarium'', 96〕 he was apparently still alive in 366 BC,〔Diodorus Siculus, xv. 76.4〕 and he must have been nearer to 80 years old when he died at Athens, c. 365 BC. He is said to have lectured at the Cynosarges,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 13〕 a gymnasium for the use of Athenians born of foreign mothers, near the temple of Heracles. Diogenes Laërtius says that his works filled ten volumes, but of these, only fragments remain. His favourite style seems to have been dialogues, some of them being vehement attacks on his contemporaries, as on Alcibiades in the second of his two works entitled ''Cyrus'', on Gorgias in his ''Archelaus'' and on Plato in his ''Satho''.〔Athenaeus, v. 220c-e〕 His style was pure and elegant, and Theopompus even said that Plato stole from him many of his thoughts.〔Athenaeus, xi. 508c-d〕 Cicero, after reading some works by Antisthenes, found his works pleasing and called him "a man more intelligent than learned".〔"''Κῦρος δ᾽, ε᾽ mihi sic placuit ut cetera Antisthenis, hominis acuti magis quam eruditi.''" Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', Book XII, Letter 38, section 2. In English translation: "Books four (δ᾽) and five (ε᾽) of ''Cyrus'' I found as pleasing as the others composed by Antisthenes, he is a man who is sharp rather than learned."〕 He possessed considerable powers of wit and sarcasm, and was fond of playing upon words; saying, for instance, that he would rather fall among crows (''korakes'') than flatterers (''kolakes''), for the one devour the dead, but the other the living.〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 4〕 Two declamations have survived, named ''Ajax'' and ''Odysseus'', which are purely rhetorical.
Antisthenes' nickname was ''the (Absolute) Dog'' (ἁπλοκύων, Diog.Laert.6.13) 〔Susan Prince, Dept. of Classics, University of Colorado, Boulder (review of ''LE. Navia - Antisthenes of Athens: Setting the World Aright''. Westport: Greenwood Press, Pp. xii, 176. ISBN 0-313-31672-4 ) Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.06.23 (2015-04-20 )〕〔(The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1 ) Routledge, 16 Dec 2003 (edited by FN. Magill) ISBN
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