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Anumarana or Anugamana refers to ancient Indian practice of Voluntary death by self-immolation by widowed Hindu women, some time after death of her husband.Anumarana was practiced usually by the widowed wives, when learnt of husbands death at battlefield or elsewhere and he had been already cremated. The widow then resolves to take away her life and immolated herself with husband's ashes or padukas or other such memento.〔〔〔The practice of Anumarana is mentioned in Kamasutra In Mahabharata, we find mention of Anumarana practiced by widows of Kshatriyas on rare occasions.〔Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India - Issue 41 - 1929 - Page 21〕 The practice has been described to be prevalent northern India and had existed before the Gupta empire.〔Women in the Sacred Laws by Shakuntala Rao Shastri Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1990 - Women (Hindu law) 1990: pp:130: Before the Gupta period the Anumarana was co-extensive with the later Sati rite. 〕Interestingly, as per customs prevalent the Brahmin women were only permitted to die by ''Sahamarana'' and were not allowed the right of ''anumarana''; however, non-Brahmin women could decide to immolate herself both by ''sahamarana'' or ''anumarana'' Anumarana was not comparable to later understandings of the practice of ''sati'', as in this widows did not self-immolate herself in funeral pyre of her husband.〔〔 When a widow immolated herself with the husband's dead body, it was called ''Sahamarana'' or ''Sahagamana''〔 The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 Part I, Section 2(c) defines ''Sati'' as the act or rite itself, including both ''sahamarana'' and ''anumarana''.〔(Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 ). Official text of the Act on Government of India's National Resource Centre for Women (NCRW) (Website )〕The practice of ''anumarana'' was generally banned by British authorities already in 1826 (with a prior ban for Brahmin widows in 1817), three years prior to the general ban on ''sati''. At least 3 cases of anumarana were recorded in 1826. Nor had such cases been particularly exceptional; Anand Yang documents several cases where the widow immolated herself many years after her husband's death. Just in the Ghazipur district in 1822, for example, 4 widows were reported to commit ''anumarana'' 16-40 years after the deaths of their husbands, one of them throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her son.〔For these statistics and in-depth treatment, see 〕 Also the practice of ''anumarana'' was, in earlier times, not restricted to widows — rather, anyone, male or female, with personal loyalty to the deceased could commit suicide at a loved one's funeral. These included the deceased's relatives, servants, followers, or friends. Sometimes these deaths stemmed from vows of loyalty, and is said to have been prevalent in the 11th century CE in north/northwestern India, cases recorded in the 13th century CE as well.〔Shakuntala Rao Shastri, ''Women in the Sacred Laws'' -- The later law books (1960), also reproduced online at (). Web page 23-26, original pages, 65-76〕 At the death in 1839 of the founder of the Sikh Empire, Ranjit Singh, Ranjit Singh's premier minister, Dhyan Singh, declared his commitment to perish in the flames as well. He had to be physically prevented from doing so by the other courtiers, since they felt the Sikh Empire could not manage without Dhyan Singh at this point of crisis in history.〔 Fisch's source is Johann Martin Honigberger who was royal physician for Ranjit Singh. At Ranjit Singh's funeral, 11 of his wives ''did'' commit sati.〕 == See Also == * Jauhar 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anumarana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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