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''Aphaenogaster'' is a genus of myrmicine ants. About 200 species have been described, including 18 fossil species.〔 They occur worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa. They are often confused with ''Pheidole'' or ''Pheidologeton''. These two have major and minor workers, while ''Aphaenogaster'' has only a single worker caste. ''Pheidole'' has a 3-segmented club on its antenna, while ''Aphaenogaster'' has four segments and a larger body size. ''Pheidologeton'' has an 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in ''Aphaenogaster'' is 12-segmented.〔(Genus ''Aphaenogaster'' ) 〕 In Australia, they often build dense, conspicuous nests.〔Richards, P.J. (2009) ''Aphaenogaster'' ants as bioturbators: impacts on soil and slope processes. Earth-Science Reviews 96: 92-106.〕 Nest entrances are generally funnel-shaped with diameters of up to 4 cm, which resulted in the common name funnel ants. These nests can be a serious problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile surface easily collapses under pressure.〔 Where it occurs, ''Aphaenogaster'' bioturbation is an important soil and landscape process.〔 ''Aphaenogaster'' probably gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants, which explains that they are rarely seen on the surface. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.〔 ==Species== *''A. aktaci'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008 *''A. albisetosa'' Mayr, 1886 *†''A. amphioceanica'' De Andrade, 1995 *''A. angulata'' Viehmeyer, 1922 *''A. annandalei'' Mukerjee, 1930 *†''A. antiqua'' Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002 *''A. araneoides'' Emery, 1890 *†''A. archaica'' (Meunier, 1915) *''A. ashmeadi'' (Emery, 1895) *''A. atlantis'' Santschi, 1929 *†''A. avita'' Fujiyama, 1970 *''A. balcanica'' (Emery, 1898) *''A. balcanicoides'' Boer, 2013 *''A. baogong'' Terayama, 2009 *''A. barbara'' Shattuck, 2008 *''A. barbigula'' Wheeler, 1916 *''A. baronii'' Cagniant, 1988 *''A. beccarii'' Emery, 1887 *''A. beesoni'' Donisthorpe, 1933 *''A. boulderensis'' Smith, 1941 *''A. burri'' (Donisthorpe, 1950) *''A. caeciliae'' Viehmeyer, 1922 *''A. campana'' Emery, 1878 *''A. cardenai'' Espadaler, 1981 *''A. carolinensis'' Wheeler, 1915 *''A. cavernicola'' Donisthorpe, 1938 *''A. cecconii'' Emery, 1894 *''A. cockerelli'' André, 1893 *''A. concolor'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. cristata'' (Forel, 1902) *''A. crocea'' André, 1881 *''A. curiosa'' Santschi, 1933 *''A. dejeani'' Cagniant, 1982 *''A. depilis'' Santschi, 1911 *''A. depressa'' Bolton, 1995 *''A. dlusskyi'' Radchenko & Arakelian, 1991 *''A. donann'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *†''A. donisthorpei'' Carpenter, 1930 *''A. dromedaria'' (Emery, 1900) *''A. dulciniae'' Emery, 1924 *†''A. dumetora'' (Lin, 1982) *''A. edentula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. ensifera'' Forel, 1899 *''A. epirotes'' (Emery, 1895) *''A. erabu'' Nishizono & Yamane, 1990 *''A. espadaleri'' Cagniant, 1984 *''A. exasperata'' Wheeler, 1921 *''A. fabulosa'' Arnol'di, 1968 *''A. fallax'' Cagniant, 1992 *''A. famelica'' (Smith, 1874) *''A. faureli'' Cagniant, 1969 *''A. feae'' Emery, 1889 *''A. fengbo'' Terayama, 2009 *''A. festae'' Emery, 1915 *''A. finzii'' Müller, 1921 *''A. flemingi'' Smith, 1928 *''A. floridana'' Smith, 1941 *''A. foreli'' Cagniant, 1996 *''A. friederichsi'' Forel, 1918 *''A. fulva'' Roger, 1863 *''A. geei'' Wheeler, 1921 *''A. gemella'' (Roger, 1862) *''A. georgica'' Arnol'di, 1968 *''A. gibbosa'' (Latreille, 1798) *''A. gonacantha'' (Emery, 1899) *''A. gracillima'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. graeca'' Schulz, 1994 *''A. haarlovi'' Collingwood, 1961 *''A. hesperia'' Santschi, 1911 *''A. holtzi'' (Emery, 1898) *''A. honduriana'' Mann, 1922 *''A. huachucana'' Creighton, 1934 *''A. hunanensis'' Wu & Wang, 1992 *''A. iberica'' Emery, 1908 *''A. incurviclypea'' Wang & Zheng, 1997 *''A. inermita'' Bolton, 1995 *''A. iranica'' Kiran & Alipanah, 2013 *''A. irrigua'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. isekram'' Bernard, 1977 *''A. italica'' Bondroit, 1918 *''A. januschevi'' Arnol'di, 1976 *''A. japonica'' Forel, 1911 *''A. karpathica'' Boer, 2013 *''A. kervillei'' Forel, 1910 *''A. kimberleyensis'' Shattuck, 2008 *''A. koniari'' Cagniant & Galkowski, 2013 *''A. kumejimana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. kurdica'' Ruzsky, 1905 *''A. laevior'' Emery, 1887 *''A. lamellidens'' Mayr, 1886 *†''A. lapidescens'' Zhang, 1989 *''A. ledouxi'' Tohmé, 1969 *''A. lepida'' Wheeler, 1930 *''A. lesbica'' Forel, 1913 *''A. leveillei'' Emery, 1881 * †''A.? longaeva'' (Scudder, 1877)〔 *''A. longiceps'' (Smith, 1858) *''A. loriai'' (Emery, 1897) *''A. lustrans'' Smith, 1961 *''A. luteipes'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *†''A. maculata'' Théobald, 1937 *''A. maculifrons'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008 *†''A. maculipes'' Théobald, 1937 *''A. mariae'' Forel, 1886 *''A. mauritanica'' Dalla Torre, 1893 *†''A. mayri'' Carpenter, 1930〔 *''A. mediterrae'' Shattuck, 2008 *''A. megommata'' Smith, 1963 *''A. melitensis'' Santschi, 1933 *†''A. mersa'' Wheeler, 1915 *''A. messoroides'' Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990 *''A. mexicana'' (Pergande, 1896) *''A. miamiana'' Wheeler, 1932 *''A. miniata'' Cagniant, 1990 *''A. minutula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. muelleriana'' Wolf, 1915 *''A. mutica'' Pergande, 1896 *''A. nadigi'' Santschi, 1923 *''A. obsidiana'' (Mayr, 1861) *''A. occidentalis'' (Emery, 1895) *†''A. oligocenica'' Wheeler, 1915 *''A. opposita'' (Say, 1836) *''A. osimensis'' Teranishi, 1940 *''A. ovaticeps'' (Emery, 1898) *''A. pallescens'' Walker, 1871 *''A. pallida'' (Nylander, 1849) *†''A. paludosa'' Zhang, 1989 *†''A. pannonica'' Bachmayer, 1960 *''A. patruelis'' Forel, 1886 *''A. perplexa'' Smith, 1961 *''A. phalangium'' Emery, 1890 *''A. phillipsi'' Wheeler & Mann, 1916 *''A. picea'' (Wheeler, 1908) *''A. picena'' Baroni Urbani, 1971 *''A. polyodonta'' Zhou, 2001 *''A. poultoni'' Crawley, 1922 *''A. praedo'' Emery, 1908 *''A. praenoda'' Santschi, 1933 *†''A. praerelicta'' De Andrade, 1995〔 *''A. projectens'' Donisthorpe, 1947 *''A. pumilopuncta'' Zhou, 2001 *''A. punctaticeps'' MacKay, 1989 *''A. pythia'' Forel, 1915 *''A. quadrispina'' Emery, 1911 *''A. radchenkoi'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008 *''A. reichelae'' Shattuck, 2008 *''A. relicta'' Wheeler & Mann, 1914 *''A. rhaphidiiceps'' (Mayr, 1877) *''A. rifensis'' Cagniant, 1994 *''A. rothneyi'' (Forel, 1902) *''A. rudis'' Enzmann, 1947 *''A. rugosoferruginea'' Forel, 1889 *''A. rugulosa'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. rupestris'' Forel, 1909 *''A. sagei'' (Forel, 1902) *''A. saharensis'' Bernard, 1953 *''A. sangiorgii'' (Emery, 1901) *''A. sardoa'' Mayr, 1853 *''A. schmidti'' Karavaiev, 1912 *''A. schurri'' (Forel, 1902) *''A. semipolita'' (Nylander, 1856) *''A. senilis'' Mayr, 1853 *†''A. shanwangensis'' (Hong, 1984) *''A. sicardi'' Cagniant, 1990 *''A. sicula'' Emery, 1908 *''A. simonellii'' Emery, 1894 *''A. smythiesii'' (Forel, 1902) *†''A. sommerfeldti'' Mayr, 1868 *''A. spinosa'' Emery, 1878 *''A. splendida'' (Roger, 1859) *''A. sporadis'' Santschi, 1933 *''A. striativentris'' Forel, 1895 *''A. strioloides'' Forel, 1890 *''A. subcostata'' Viehmeyer, 1922 *''A. subexaperata'' Zhou, 2001 *''A. subterranea'' (Latreille, 1798) *''A. subterraneoides'' Emery, 1881 *''A. swammerdami'' Forel, 1886 *''A. syriaca'' Emery, 1908 *''A. takahashii'' Wheeler, 1930 *''A. tennesseensis'' (Mayr, 1862) *''A. testaceopilosa'' (Lucas, 1849) *''A. texana'' Wheeler, 1915 *''A. theryi'' Santschi, 1923 *''A. tibetana'' Donisthorpe, 1929 *''A. tinauti'' Cagniant, 1992 *''A. tipuna'' Forel, 1913 *''A. tokarainsulana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999 *''A. torossiani'' Cagniant, 1988 *''A. treatae'' Forel, 1886 *''A. turkestanica'' Arnol'di, 1976 *''A. uinta'' Wheeler, 1917 *''A. ujhelyii'' Szabó, 1910 *''A. umphreyi'' Deyrup & Davis, 1998 *''A. wangtian'' Terayama, 2009 *''A. wangye'' Terayama, 2009 *''A. weigoldi'' Viehmeyer, 1922 *''A. weulersseae'' Cagniant, 1989 *''A. wilsoni'' Cagniant, 1988 *''A. xuatian'' Terayama, 2009 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aphaenogaster」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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