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Traditionally, the bird order Apodiformes contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the tree swifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder Apodimorphae in which hummingbirds are separated as a new order, Trochiliformes. With nearly 450 species identified to date, they are the most diverse order of birds after the passerines. As their name ("footless" in Greek) suggests, their legs are small and have limited function aside from perching. The feet are covered with bare skin rather than the scales (scutes) that other birds have. Another shared characteristic is long wings with short, stout humerus bones (Hyman 1992). The evolution of these wing characteristics has provided the hummingbird with ideal wings for hovering (Mayr 2002). The hummingbirds, swifts and crested swifts share other anatomical similarities with one another as well as similarities (notably as to the skull) with their probable closest living relatives, the owlet-nightjars (Mayr, 2002). The owlet-nightjars are apparently convergent with the closely related Caprimulgiformes, which form a clade Cypselomorphae with the Apodiformes (Mayr, 2002). Apodiformes evolved in the Northern Hemisphere. ''Eocypselus'', a primitive genus known from the Late Paleocene or Early Eocene of north-central Europe, is somewhat difficult to assign; Dyke ''et al.'' (2004) consider it a primitive hemiprocnid.〔 This would suggest that the major apodiform lineages diverged shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. However, the perching adaptation of the foot of ''Eocypselus'' on which this theory rests may just as well be a symplesiomorphy.〕 Most researchers believe that presently this genus cannot be unequivocally assigned to either the Apodiformes or the Caprimulgiformes. The Early Eocene ''Primapus'', found in England, is similar to both a primitive swift and the aegialornithids, which are in some aspects intermediate between swifts and owlet-nightjars. Fossil evidence demonstrates the existence of swifts during that period in Europe. At that time most of Europe had a humid, subtropical climate, possibly comparable to modern-day southern China. For a map of Early–Middle Eocene Earth, see the Paleomap project; here note that both the Caucasus mountains and the Alps did not exist yet and aegialornithids were possibly present in North America.〔Somewhat doubtful, as this is difficult to reconcile with the other aegialornithid fossils and ''Primapus''.〕 By the late Eocene (around 35 MYA), primitive hummingbirds started to diverge from the related jungornithids; the Middle Eocene ''Parargornis'' (Messel, Germany) and the Late Eocene ''Argornis'', found in today's southernmost Russia, belong to this lineage. ''Cypselavus'' (Late Eocene – Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) was either a primitive hemiprocnid or an aegialornithid. The placement of the Aegialornithidae is not quite clear. Various analyses place them sufficiently close to the Apodiformes to be included here, or into the unique owlet-nightjar lineage in the Cypselomorphae. ORDER APODIFORMES * Family Aegialornithidae (fossil) * Family Jungornithidae (fossil) * Family Trochilidae – hummingbirds * Family Apodidae – swifts * Family Hemiprocnidae – treeswifts File:Parargornis messelensis.JPG|''Parargornis messelensis'' fossil ==See also== * List of Apodiformes by population ==References== * Dyke, Gareth J.; Waterhouse, David M. & Kristoffersen, Anette M. (2004): Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark'' 51: 47–56. (PDF fulltext ) * Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). ''(Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy ).'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, page 39. ISBN 0-226-87013-8 * Mayr, Gerald (2002): Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies). ''Journal für Ornithologie'' 143: 82–97. (PDF fulltext ) * Mayr, Gerald (2003): Phylogeny of early tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). ''Auk'' 120(1): 145–151. (PDF fulltext ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Apodiformes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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