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Apostomus〔Postemus, Apostemus, Apostomos.〕 is a name occurring in Talmudic tradition. ==The Talmudic account== Among five catastrophes said to have overtaken the Jews on the Seventeenth of Tammuz, the ''Mishnah''〔Ta'anit iv. 6.〕 includes "the burning of the Torah by Apostomus". Owing to this very vague mention, there is much difference of opinion as to the identity of Apostomus. At a first glance he may be associated with one of the following two incidents: * Flavius Josephus〔"Ant." xx. 5, § 4; "B. J." ii. 12, § 2.〕 relates that about the year 50 a Roman soldier seized a Torah-scroll and, with abusive and mocking language, burned it in public. This incident almost brought on a revolution; but the Roman procurator Cumanus appeased the Jewish populace by beheading the culprit. *The other incident of the burning of the Torah, which took place at the time of the Hadrianic persecutions, is recounted by the rabbis. Ḥanania ben Teradyon, one of the most distinguished men of the time, was wrapped in a Torah-scroll and burned.〔Sifre, Deut. 307; 'Ab. Zarah 18a; Sem. viii.〕 In connection with this a certain "philosopher" is mentioned as the executioner of Ḥanania. Some circumstances lend plausibility to the idea that the name is a corruption. According to the ''Jerusalem Talmud'',〔Ta'anit iv. 68c et seq.〕 Apostomus burned the Torah at the narrow pass of Lydda (or, as another report has it, at Tarlosa, which was probably not far from Lydda); and it is known that Ḥanina was one of "the martyrs of Lydda." Furthermore, a somewhat later authority〔Addenda to Meg. Ta'anit, ed. Neubauer, in "Medieval Jew. Chron." ii. 24.〕 gives the date of Ḥanina's death as the twenty-seventh of Tammuz, which is only a difference of a few days from the date assigned to the crime of Apostomus. The Mishnah referred to adds the following statement to its account of the burning of the Law: "And he put up an idol in the sanctuary." Here it is first necessary to determine that the reading ("and he put up") is correct, and that it should not be ("and there was put up"), which the Jerusalem Talmud〔Ta'anit iv. 68d.〕 gives as a variant in the accepted text, interpreting the fact mentioned in the Mishnah as referring to the idols put up in the sanctuary by Manasseh.〔II Kings xxi. 7.〕 But the passage in the Mishnah on the five calamities of the Ninth of Ab enumerates them in strictly chronological order; so that it is impossible that any reference to the Temple desecration by Manasseh should be registered after the burning of the Torah by Apostomus. The ''Babylonian Talmud'' knows only the reading ("and he put up") in the Mishnah, as the remark of the Gemara 〔Ta'anit 28b.〕 proves, where the "abomination of desolation," of which Daniel〔xii. 11〕 speaks, is connected with the image of the idol in the Temple. By this expression can only be meant the statue of Zeus Olympius set up by Antiochus Epiphanes.〔Compare Heinrich Grätz, "Dauer der Hellenisirung," in "Jahresbericht" of the Breslau Seminary, 1864, pp. 9, 10.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Apostomus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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