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Apparitor
In ancient Rome, an ''apparitor''〔Latin for "a servant of a public official", from ''apparere'', "to attend in public."〕 (also spelled apparator in English, or shortened to paritor) was a civil servant whose salary was paid from the public treasury.〔Purcell, N. “The Apparitores: A Study in Social Mobility.” PBSR 51 (1983): 125– 73.〕 The ''apparitores'' assisted the magistrates. There were four occupational grades (''decuriae'') among them. The highest of these was the ''scribae'', the clerks or public notaries, followed by the ''lictores'', lictors; ''viatores'', messengers or summoners, that is, agents on official errands; and ''praecones'', announcers or heralds.〔Marietta Horster, "Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 334; Daniel Peretz, "The Roman Interpreter and His Diplomatic and Military Roles," ''Historia'' 55 (2006), p. 452.〕
The term has hence referred to a beadle in a university, a pursuivant or herald; particularly, in Roman Catholic canon law, which was largely inspired by Roman law. Apparitor remained an official title for an officer in ecclesiastical courts. They were designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused, and in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of the property in dispute, in order to secure the execution of the judge's sentence. This was done in countries where the ecclesiastical forum, in its substantial integrity, is recognized.〔(Apparitor ) - Catholic Encyclopedia article〕 He thus acts as constable and sheriff. His guarantee of his delivery of the summons is evidence of the knowledge of his obligation to appear, either to stand trial, to give testimony, or to do whatever else may be legally enjoined by the judge; his statement becomes the basis of a charge of contumacy against anyone refusing to obey summons.
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