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Aqsaqal
Aqsaqal (also transliterated ''aksakal'', in Turkic languages, literally meaning "white beard") metaphorically refers to the male elders, the old and wise of the community in parts of Central Asia and Caucasus. Traditionally an aqsaqal was the leader of a village or aul until the Soviet times.〔("Kishlak" ), ''Encyclopedia of Central Asia''〕 Acting as advisors or judges, these elders have or had a role in politics and the justice system in countries and tribes. For instance, there are ''aksakals'' courts in Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, which has traditionally been a more urban society (the Uzbeks being ''sarts'' or town-dwellers, as opposed to nomadic Turks), cities are divided up into ''mahallas''. Each ''mahalla'' has an ''aqsaqal'' who acts as the district leader.
==Redevelopment of the ''aqsaqal'' courts in Kyrgyzstan==
In 1995, then-President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev announced a decree to revitalize the ''aqsaqal'' courts. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law.〔Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 (2006)〕 The ''aqsaqal'' courts were eventually included under Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000 ''aqsaqal'' courts throughout Kyrgyzstan, including in the capital of Bishkek.〔 Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance.〔Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer, ''Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts''〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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