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Ar-Rum
Sūrat ar-Rūm ((アラビア語:سورة الروم), "The Romans") is the 30th surah of the Qur'an. It consists of 60 ayat. The word ''Rûm'' (literally 'Romans'), which occurs in the first ''ayah'', refers to the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire; hence the title is sometimes also translated as "The Byzantines".〔Abdel Haleem, M. A. 2004. The Qurʼan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕
==Chronology==
According to Theodor Nöldeke, Surah 30 was the second to last surah revealed in the late Meccan period and the eighty-fourth surah in chronological order, with the exception of the 17th ayah in the surah, which he argues was revealed during the Medinan period.〔Nöldeke, Theodor. "The Qur'an," Sketches from Eastern History. Trans. J.S. Black. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1892.〕 While the first ayah of the surah refers to the defeat of the Byzantine at the hands of the Persians near Damascus in the spring of 614, Nöldeke notes that this does not necessarily indicate 614 was the year in which the surah was revealed.〔Nöldeke, Theodor. "The Qur'an," Sketches from Eastern History. Trans. J.S. Black. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1892.〕
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