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Arachnoiditis
Arachnoiditis is an inflammatory condition of the arachnoid mater or 'arachnoid', one of the membranes known as meninges that surround and protect the nerves of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid can become inflamed because of adverse reactions to chemicals, infection from bacteria or viruses, as the result of direct injury to the spine, chronic compression of spinal nerves, complications from spinal surgery or other invasive spinal procedures, or the accidental intrathecal injection of steroids intended for the epidural space.〔PDR US-FDA 2010 DataSheet | Depo-Medrol | Pfizer〕〔Nelson, D.A. and Landau, W.M., (Intraspinal steroids: history, efficacy, accidentality, and controversy with review of United States Food and Drug Administration reports ), ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry'', 70:433-443, 2001; . Accessed 2015-10-23.〕 Inflammation can sometimes lead to the formation of scar tissue and adhesion that can make the spinal nerves "stick" together,〔(NINDS Arachnoiditis Information Page ), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2015-10-23.〕 a condition where such tissue develops in and between the leptomeninges.〔Shaw, M.D., Russell, J.A., and Grossart, K.W., (The changing pattern of spinal arachnoiditis ), ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry'', 41(2):97–107 at 102, Feb. 1978; . Accessed 2015-10-23.〕 The condition can be extremely painful, especially when progressing to ''adhesive arachnoiditis''. Another form of the condition is ''arachnoiditis ossificans'', in which the arachnoid becomes ossified, or turns to bone, and is thought to be a late-stage complication of the adhesive form of arachnoiditis.
==Causes==
The root cause of the condition is not entirely clear, and it appears to have multiple etiologies, including iatrogenic cause from misplaced epidural steroid injection therapy when accidentally administered intrathecally (inside the dura mater, the sac enveloping the arachnoid mater),〔 or from contrast media used in myelography prior to the introduction of Metrizamide. Other noninfectious inflammatory processes include surgery, intrathecal hemorrhage, and the administration of anesthetics (e.g. chloroprocaine), and steroids (e.g. prednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide). A variety of other etiologies exist, including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes. Infectious etiologies include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents. Prior spinal surgery has been documented as a cause of ''arachnoiditis ossificans'', as well as for the adhesive form. It can also be caused by long term pressure from either a severe disc herniation or spinal stenosis.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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