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Arbovirus
Arbovirus is a term used to refer to a group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. The word ''arbovirus'' is an acronym (ARthropod-BOrne virus). Symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last 3 or 4 days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever may also occur.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Arbovirus Infection Symptoms )〕 The word ''tibovirus'' (TIck-BOrne virus) is sometimes used to describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods.
==History==
Arboviruses have existed throughout human history, but were not known to exist until fairly recently. The connection between arthropods and disease was not postulated until 1881 when Cuban doctor and scientist Carlos Finlay proposed that Yellow fever may be transmitted by mosquitoes instead of human contact, a reality that was verified by Major Walter Reed in 1901. The primary vector, ''Aedes aegypti'', had spread globally from the 15th to the 19th centuries as a result of globalization and the slave trade. This geographic spreading caused Dengue fever epidemics throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, and later, in 1906, transmission by the ''Aedes'' mosquitoes was confirmed, making Yellow fever and Dengue fever the first two diseases known to be caused by viruses. The discovery of the West Nile virus came in 1937, and has since been found in ''Culex'' populations causing epidemics throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. In 1999, the virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere, sparking a series of epidemics. During the latter half of the 20th century, Dengue fever reemerged as a global disease, with the virus spreading geographically due to urbanization, population growth, increased international travel, and global warming, and continues to cause at least 50 million infections per year, making Dengue fever the most common and clinically important arboviral disease.
Yellow fever, alongside malaria, was a major obstacle in the construction of the Panama Canal. French supervision of the project in the 1880s was unsuccessful because of these diseases, forcing the abandonment of the project in 1889. During the American effort to construct the canal in the early 1900s, William C. Gorgas, the Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana, was tasked with overseeing the health of the workers. He had past success in eradicating the disease in Florida and Havana by reducing mosquito populations through draining nearby pools of water, cutting grass, applying oil to the edges of ponds and swamps to kill larvae, and capturing adult mosquitoes that remained indoors during the daytime. Joseph Augustin LePrince, the Chief Sanitary Inspector of the Canal Zone, invented the first commercial larvicide, a mixture of carbolic acid, resin, and caustic soda, to be used throughout the Canal Zone. The combined implementation of these sanitation measures led to a dramatic decline in the number of workers dying and the eventual eradication of Yellow fever in the Canal Zone as well as the containment of malaria during the 10-year construction period. Because of the success of these methods at preventing disease, they were adopted and improved upon in other regions of the world.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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