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Archaellum
An archaellum (plural: ''archaella'') represents a unique whip like structure on the cell surface of many archaea. The whip like extension can be rotated and is used to swim in liquid environments.
== History==
Archaea were first classified as a separate group of prokaryotes in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox based on the differences in the sequence of ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes.〔Woese, C.R. & Fox, G.E. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74, 5088-90 (1977)〕〔Woese, C.R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M.L. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 4576-9 (1990)〕 This domain possesses numerous fundamental traits distinct from both the bacterial and the eukaryotic domains. Many archaea possess a rotating motility structure that at first seemed to resemble the bacterial and eukaryotic flagella. The flagellum (latin for whip) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell. In the last two decades, it was discovered that the archaeal flagella, although functionally similar to bacterial and eukaryotic flagella, structurally resemble bacterial type IV pili.〔Peabody, C.R., Chung, Y.J., Yen, M.R., Vidal-Ingigliardi, D., Pugsley, A.P. & Saier, M.H., Jr. Type II protein secretion and its relationship to bacterial type IV pili and archaeal flagella. Microbiology 149, 3051-72 (2003).〕〔Pohlschroder, M., Ghosh, A., Tripepi, M. & Albers, S.V. Archaeal type IV pilus-like structures--evolutionarily conserved prokaryotic surface organelles. Curr Opin Microbiol 14, 357-63 (2011).〕〔Ghosh, A. & Albers, S.V. Assembly and function of the archaeal flagellum. Biochem Soc Trans 39, 64-9 (2011).〕 Bacterial type IV pili are surface structures that can be extended and retracted and are used to adhere to or move on solid surfaces.〔Craig, L., Pique, M.E. & Tainer, J.A. Type IV pilus structure and bacterial pathogenicity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2, 363-78 (2004).〕〔Craig, L. & Li, J. Type IV pili: paradoxes in form and function. Current opinion in structural biology 18, 267-277 (2008).〕 To underline these differences, Ken Jarrell and Sonja-Verena Albers proposed to change the name of the archaeal flagellum to archaellum.〔Jarrell, K.F. & Albers, S.V. The archaellum: an old motility structure with a new name. Trends Microbiol 20, 307-12 (2012).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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