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Architonnerre
The Architonnerre ( Architronito〔"Architronito è una macchina di fino rame, invenzlon d'Archimede."The Architronito is a machine of fine copper, invention of Archimedes". (Da Vinci ) http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Technology/en/CatapultTypes.html〕) was a steam-powered cannon, a description of which is found in the papers of Leonardo da Vinci dating to the late 15th century, although he attributes its invention to Archimedes in the 3rd century BC.
Leonardo's description was hidden amongst his papers until it was rediscovered by Étienne-Jean Delécluze of the French Institute in 1838 and published in the magazine ''L'Artiste'' in 1841, well after the modern high pressure steam engine had been independently invented.〔〔(L'Artiste ) 1841 at Google Books .Page 603 (415). Accessed February 2011〕
==Description of operation==
The following is the most likely means of operation from the description given.〔〔〔
A conventional muzzle loading cannon had a strong metal tube connecting the vented end, where the fuse would normally be placed, to a copper boiler, terminating below the water level inside but describing an inverted U above it in the manner of a syphon. A fire of charcoal heated the vented end of the cannon and the boiler so that the metal of the cannon's end became red hot and the boiler was boiling vigorously. Steam was allowed to escape from the boiler through an opening with a screwed thread so there was no buildup of pressure. To fire the cannon a cap was screwed tightly into the boiler opening, triggering an immediate buildup of steam pressure in the boiler. This forced the boiling water along the syphon tube into the cannon's base. Here it met the red hot cannon walls and flashed into steam, the pressure of the sudden release of steam forced the cannonball out of the muzzle.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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