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Arcobacter
''Arcobacter'' is a genus of Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the epsilonproteobacteria class.〔Madigan T, ''et al'' (2009) ''Brock Biology of Microorganisms'', 12th edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education〕 It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal pathogens.〔〔 〕 Species of the genus ''Arcobacter'' are found in both animal and environmental sources, making it unique among the epsilonproteobacteria.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Stuart )〕 This genus currently consists of five species: ''A. butzleri'', ''A. cryaerophilus'', ''A. skirrowii'', ''A. nitrofigilis'', and ''A. sulfidicus'', although several other potential novel species have recently been described from varying environments.〔〔 Three of these five known species are pathogenic.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=M.T. )〕 Members of this genus were first isolated in 1977 from aborted bovine fetuses. They are aerotolerant ''Campylobacter''-like organisms, previously classified as ''Campylobacter''.〔 The ''Arcobacter'' genus, in fact, was created as recently as 1992.〔 Although they are similar to this other genus, ''Arcobacter'' species can grow at lower temperatures than ''Campylobacter'' as well as in the air, which ''Campylobacter'' cannot.〔http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no10/04-0241.htm〕
The name ''Arcobacter'' is derived from the Latin "arcus" meaning "bow" and the Greek "bacter" meaning "rod", and should be understood to mean "bow-shaped rod" or "curved rod". This is a reference to the characteristic curved shaped that most ''Arcobacter'' cells possess.
==Pathogenicity==
''Arcobacter'' species have been discovered as both animal and human pathogens within the past decade, thanks to improvements in isolation techniques.〔 Up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of ''Arcobacter'' spp. Since no routine diagnostic of these bacteria has been performed, the global prevalence of ''Arcobacter'' infection is rather underestimated and the exact routes of transmission are unknown.〔 There is evidence that livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of ''Arcobacter'', and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products as well as in surface and ground water has received increasing attention.〔 In humans, ''A. butzleri'' and, less commonly, ''A. cryaerophilus'' have been linked to enteritis and occasionally bacteremia.〔 Symptoms of ''A. butzleri'' infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever.〔 Studies of patients infected with ''A. butzleri'' have demonstrated that without treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several weeks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Valerie )〕 When antimicrobial therapies were administered, the infection was eradicated within a few days, and all strains in the study were found to be susceptible to the antibiotics given.〔 A third species, ''A. skirrowii'', has also recently been isolated from a patient with chronic diarrhea.〔 Although the microbiological and clinical features of ''Arcobacter'' are not yet well defined, initial studies of ''A. butzleri'' suggest that these bacteria display similar microbiological and clinical features as ''C. jejuni'', but are more associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea than with the bloody diarrhea associated with ''C. jejuni''.〔 Recent studies suggest that ''A. butzleri'' induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in tight junction proteins and induction of epithelial apoptosis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Roland )〕 Based on this model, the virulence of ''A. butzleri'' seems to have two phases. An initial effect on tight junctions was observed first, followed by a late effect on cytotoxicity because of necrosis and induction of apoptosis.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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