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''Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England'' is a 1644 prose polemical tract by the English poet, scholar, and polemical author John Milton opposing licensing and censorship. ''Areopagitica'' is among history's most influential and impassioned philosophical defences of the principle of a right to freedom of speech and expression. Today, ''Areopagitica'' is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written – and as one of the most influential, because many of its expressed principles have formed the basis for modern justifications. ==Background== ''Areopagitica'' was published 23 November 1644, at the height of the English Civil War. It is titled after ''Areopagitikos'' ((ギリシア語:Ἀρεοπαγιτικός)), a speech written by the Athenian orator Isocrates in the 5th century BC. (The Areopagus is a hill in Athens, the site of real and legendary tribunals, and was the name of a council whose power Isocrates hoped to restore). Like Isocrates, Milton had no intention of delivering his speech orally. Instead, it was distributed via pamphlet, defying the same publication censorship he argued against. As a Protestant, Milton had supported the Presbyterians in Parliament, but in this work he argued forcefully against Parliament's 1643 ''Ordinance for the Regulating of Printing'', also known as the Licensing Order of 1643, in which Parliament required authors to have a license approved by the government before their work could be published. This issue was personal for Milton as he had suffered censorship himself in his efforts to publish several tracts defending divorce (a radical stance which met with no favour from the censors). ''Areopagitica'' is full of biblical and classical references which Milton uses to strengthen his argument; this is particularly fitting because it was directed toward the Calvinist Presbyterians that comprised Parliament at that time. According to George H. Sabine the ''Areopagitica'' was based on an engaged public: :Its basic principle was the right and also the duty of every intelligent man as a rational being, to know the grounds and take responsibility for his beliefs and actions. Its corollary was a society and a state in which decisions are reached by open discussion, in which the sources of information are not contaminated by authority in the interest of party, and in which political unity is secured not by force but by a consensus that respects variety of opinion.〔George H. Sabine (1951), Introduction to ''Areopagitica'' and ''On Education'', page ix, Appleton-Century-Crofts〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Areopagitica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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