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Ariki
An ariki (New Zealand, Cook Islands), ‘ariki (Easter Island), aliki (Tokelau, Tuvalu), ali‘i (Samoa,〔Sometimes pronounced aliki.〕 Hawai‘i), ari'i (Society Islands, Tahiti), aiki or hakaiki (Marquesas Islands), akariki (Gambier Islands) or ‘eiki (Tonga) is or was〔The title has disappeared or has no official or institutional status in some islands (e.g. French Polynesia, Hawai‘i, Easter Island).〕 a member of a hereditary chiefly or noble rank in Polynesia.
==New Zealand==
Political leadership or governance in Māori society has traditionally come from two different groups of people – the ariki and the rangatira. The ariki are the "persons of the highest rank and seniority".〔Ballara, A. (1998). ''Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 58).〕 As the "high-ranking first-born children of first-born children", ariki inherit their positions from their forebears.〔Ballara, A. (1998). ''Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 142).〕 In particular, their "supreme rank () from the conjunction of a number of senior descent lines from founding ancestors, and ultimately from the gods".〔Ballara, A. (1998). ''Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 205).〕 Although most ariki in the past have been male, women, like Te Atairangikaahu, have "brought their own qualities to bear on leadership ... () the expectations of them ... () the same as for men".〔Mead, S. M. (1997). ''Landmarks, bridges and visions: Essays''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 200).〕〔See also: Ballara, A. (1998). ''Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press.〕
Ariki do not operate in simple hierarchical organisations; despite what "government officers were inclined to believe", ariki have never been "the apex of a structured hierarchy of institutionalised tribal authority".〔Ballara, A. (1998). ''Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 264).〕 Many positions overlap with ariki holding multiple roles, including "head of an iwi, the rangatira of a hapu and the kaumatua of a whanau".〔 Similarly, in times past, "a tohunga may have also been the head of a whanau but quite often was also a rangatira and an ariki".〔〔Mead, S. M. (1997). ''Landmarks, bridges and visions: Essays''. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 197).〕
The Māori King Movement is headed by the Māori King or Queen, who bears the title ''Te Arikinui'', literally "The big (leading) Ariki".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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