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Armeniac Theme
The Armeniac Theme (, ''Armeniakon ()''), more properly the Theme of the Armeniacs (Greek: , ''thema Armeniakōn'') was a Byzantine theme (a military-civilian province) located in northeastern Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
==History==
The Armeniac Theme was one of the four original themes, established sometime in the mid-7th century out of the territory of Lesser Armenia (also known as "Armenia Minor"). Although the mention of a "George, ''tourmarchēs'' of the Armeniacs" in 629, during the Persian campaigns of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641),〔.〕 may suggest the existence of the theme at such an early date, the first unambiguous reference to it in literary sources occurs during the revolt of its general, Saborios, in 667/668.〔.〕 It is next mentioned on a seal of 717/718.〔: "The inscriptions on the seals of the warehouses in the beginning of the 8th c. took the following forms: "the warehouse of Koloneia and Kamacha" (702-704), "of Koloneia, Kamacha and Armenia IV" (713-715), which finally became "of Koloneia and all the provinces of the Christ-loving Armeniakon" (717/8)." (in footnote #78, is citing . )〕 Together with the other themes, it was created from the remnants of one of the field armies of the old East Roman army following the disastrous defeats suffered during the first wave of the Muslim conquests, a process probably complete by the late 640s.〔.〕 Thus, the army of the ''magister militum per Armeniae'' (the "Armeniacs") was withdrawn and settled in the areas of Pontus, Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, giving its name to the region.〔.〕
The theme's capital was at Amaseia, and it was governed by a ''stratēgos'', who ranked, together with the ''stratēgoi'' of the Anatolic and Thracesian themes, in the first tier of ''stratēgoi'', drawing an annual salary of 40 gold pounds.〔 In the 9th century, it fielded some 9,000 men and encompassed 17 fortresses. Its size and strategic importance on the Byzantine Empire's north-eastern frontier with the Muslims made its governor a powerful figure, and the theme's forces participated in several revolts in the 8th century.〔 Consequently, in the 9th century it was broken up: the smaller provinces of Charsianon and Cappadocia were formed, first as ''kleisourai'' and later as full themes, along the border in the south and east, while in circa 819, the coastal themes of Paphlagonia and Chaldia were split off, followed later by the area of Koloneia (first under a ''doux'', by 863 under a full ''strategos''), leaving a rump Armeniac theme encompassing the western Pontus.〔; .〕
The theme remained in Byzantine hands until the late 11th century. In 1073, however, following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert, Frankish mercenaries under Roussel de Bailleul seized control and governed the region for several months, until Byzantine authority was restored by general Alexios Komnenos.〔.〕 Shortly after, the region was overrun by the Seljuk Turks, with only a few coastal forts holding out. The Komnenian emperors managed to recover the coastal regions for the Empire, but the Armeniac theme was not restored.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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