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Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-like bract. Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 107 genera and over 3700 species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions. A comprehensive genomic study of ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' was published in February 2014.〔Wang, W. et al. (The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. ) Nat. Commun. 5:3311 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4311 (2014).〕
The largest collection of living Araceae is maintained at Missouri Botanical Gardens.〔. "The resources which have been built up for aroid research at the Missouri Botanical Garden include one of the largest living collections of aroids and the largest collection of herbarium specimens of neotropical aroids. The living and dried collections include a large percentage of Croat's more than 80,000 personal collections". ()〕 Another large collection of living Araceae can be found at Munich Botanical Garden, due to the efforts of researcher and aroid authority Josef Bogner.
==Description==
Species in Araceae are often rhizomatous or tuberous and are often found to contain calcium oxalate crystals or raphides.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10056 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.gflora.com/index.php?cmd=genus&family_id=7 )〕 The leaves can vary considerably from species to species. The inflorescence is composed of a spadix, which is almost always surrounded by a modified leaf called a spathe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/ar.htm )〕 In monoecious aroids (possessing separate male and female flowers, but with both flowers present on one plant), the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. In aroids with perfect flowers, the stigma is no longer receptive when the pollen is released, thus preventing self-fertilization. Some species are dioecious.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Araceae.pdf )〕
Many plants in this family are thermogenic (heat-producing).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819525/ )〕 Their flowers can reach up to 45°C even when the surrounding air temperature is much lower. One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects (usually beetles) to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy. Another reason is to prevent tissue damage in cold regions. Some examples of thermogenic Araceae are:'' Symplocarpus foetidus'' (eastern skunk cabbage),'' Amorphophallus titanum'' (titan arum),'' Amorphophallus paeoniifolius'' (elephant foot yam), ''Helicodiceros muscivorus'' (dead horse arum lily) and ''Sauromatum venosum'' (voodoo lily). Species such as titan arum and the dead horse arum give off a very pungent smell, often resembling a rotten animal, to attract flies to pollinate the plant. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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