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Arthrofibrosis
Arthrofibrosis (from Greek: ''arthro-'' joint, ''fibr-'' fibrous and ''-osis'' abnormality) is a complication of injury or trauma where an excessive scar tissue response leads to painful restriction of joint motion, with scar tissue forming within the joint and surrounding soft tissue spaces and persisting despite rehabilitation exercises and stretches. Scarring adhesions has been described in most major joints, including knees, shoulders, hips, ankles, and wrists.〔Maloney MD, Sauser DD, Hanson EC, Wood VE, Thiel AE. Adhesive capsulitis of the wrist: arthrographic diagnosis. ''Radiology''. 1988 Apr;167(1):187-90.〕
== Arthrofibrosis of the knee ==
Arthrofibrosis of the knee has been one of the more studied joints as a result of its frequency of occurrence. Beyond origins such as knee injury and trauma, arthrofibrosis of the knee has been associated with degenerative arthritis. Scar tissues can cause structures of the knee to become contracted, restricting normal motion. Depending on the site of scarring, knee cap mobility and/or joint range of motion (i.e. flexion, extension, or both) may be affected.〔Kim DH, Gill TJ, Millett PJ. Arthroscopic treatment of the arthrofibrotic knee. Arthroscopy. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 2:187-94.〕 Symptoms experienced as a result of arthrofibrosis of the knee include stiffness, pain, limping, heat, swelling, crepitus, and/or weakness.〔 Clinical diagnosis may also include the use of magnetic resonance imaging (or MRI) to visualize the knee compartments affected.
The consequent pain may lead to the cascade of quadriceps weakness, patellar tendon adaptive shortening and scarring in the tissues around the knee cap—with an end stage of permanent patella infera—where the knee cap is pulled down into an abnormal position where it becomes vulnerable to joint surface damage.〔Cosgarea AJ, DeHaven KE, Lovelock JE. The surgical treatment of arthrofibrosis of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Mar-Apr;22(2):184-91.〕
Patients who are recognized as developing arthrofibrosis may improve motion with appropriately directed physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy. In many instances, however, as fibrosis has set in, surgical intervention is necessary. Specialized arthroscopic lysis of adhesions knee procedures such as anterior interval releases may be indicated and utilized to great success, in the hands of an appropriately trained specialist.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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