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Arusha is a city in northern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region, with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District (2012 census).〔(''Population Distribution by Administrative Areas'', 2012 Population and Housing Census, National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013, page 26, accessed 1 November 2014 )〕 Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley, Arusha has a temperate climate. The city is close to the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Lake Manyara National Park, Olduvai Gorge, Tarangire National Park, Mount Kilimanjaro, and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru. Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub. The city hosts and is regarded as the de facto capital of the East African Community. Since 1994, the city has also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds: indigenous Bantu, Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population, plus small White European and white American minority population. Religions of the Arushan population are Christian, Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu. ==History== The current site of Arusha was first settled in the 1830s by the agro-pastoral Arusha Maasai from the Arusha Chini community, south of Mount Kilimanjaro.〔("'A Town of Strangers' or a 'Model Modern East African Town'? Arusha & the Arusha", authored by Thomas Spear, in ''Africa's Urban Past'', edited by David Anderson and Richard Rathbone, James Currey Publishers, 2000, accessed 31 October 2014 )〕 They traded grains, honey, beer, and tobacco with the pastoral Kisongo Maasai in exchange for livestock, milk, meat, and skins.〔 Demand for Arusha's foodstuffs increased substantially during the 1860s when the Pangani Valley trade route was extended through Old Moshi, Arusha, and ultimately to western Kenya.〔 Although it was not yet a town, it was a regional centre and had a number of urban features.〔 Arusha was conquered by the Germans in 1896 after the murder of the first two missionaries who attempted to settle on nearby Mount Meru.〔 The Germans established a permanent presence in 1900 when a military fort (a ''boma'') was built and soldiers were garrisoned there.〔 "The ''boma'' was a solid statement, meant to impress German moral and political order on the surrounding countryside. Set on a rise overlooking the plains, the fortress-like building dominated the surrounding landscape" complete with a machine gun.〔 Many Africans were forcibly displaced from their ancestral lands by the Germans and forced to dig lime or carry stones to construct the fort.〔 The British took Arusha from the Germans in 1916 during World War I.〔 German officials left the area, the British deported German missionaries and settlers, and only a skeletal military administration of the town remained.〔 But slowly during the 1920s, civilian administration was implemented, missionaries from the United States arrived, British and Greek settlers reoccupied the former German farms, and the town grew, especially after the British moved the regional administration from New Moshi to Arusha.〔 The extension of the railroad from Moshi to Arusha in 1928-29 greatly increased commerce.〔 The Great Depression soon thereafter, however, squelched commerce, and Arusha in 1940 had less than 2,000 residents.〔 Growth resumed during World War II and by 1948, the population had increased to more than 5,000.〔 In the 1960s parts of the movie ''Hatari!'' with John Wayne were filmed at Momella. Arusha has been a crucial city in the history of modern Tanzania. Official documents ceding independence to Tanganyika were signed by the United Kingdom at Arusha in 1961. Also, the Arusha Declaration was signed in 1967 in Arusha. The Arusha Accords were signed at the city of Arusha on August 4, 1993, by representatives of competing factions in the Rwandan civil war. In 1994 the UN Security Council decided by its Resolution 955 of 8 November 1994 that Arusha should host the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The establishment of the tribunal with its foreign employees has influenced the local economy of the city increasing the cost of living for residents. The tribunal is about to downsize due to its closure in 2014, but its legal successor, the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1966, will continue entertaining a branch in Arusha, opening on 1 July 2012. Arusha was officially declared a city on 1 July 2006 by the Tanzanian government.〔(Arusha Times )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arusha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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