| 翻訳と辞書 |
Arvanites
Arvanites ((ギリシア語:Αρβανίτες), Arvanitika: ''Arbëreshë'' or Αρbε̰ρεσ̈ε̰) are a population group in Greece who traditionally speak Arvanitika, a dialect of the Albanian language. They settled in Greece during the late Middle Ages and were the dominant population element of some regions of the Peloponnese and Attica until the 19th century.〔Hall, Jonathan M. ''Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity''. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 29, ISBN 0-521-78999-0.〕 Arvanites today self-identify as Greeks〔Botsi (2003: 90); Lawrence (2007: 22; 156).〕〔GHM (1995).〕 as the result of a process of assimilation, and do not consider themselves to belong to Albania or the Albanian nation.〔Trudgill/Tzavaras (1977).〕 They call themselves Arvanites (in Greek) and Arbëror (in their language). The Arvanite communities in northwestern Greece call themselves Shqiptar (the same used by Albanians of Albania).〔 Arvanitika is in a state of attrition due to language shift towards Greek and large-scale internal migration to the cities and subsequent intermingling of the population during the 20th century.
==History==
Arvanites in Greece originated from Albanian settlers 〔https://books.google.al/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138&dq=arvanites&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Du2OVf_xEoXW7QbPo5moBA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=arvanites&f=false〕 who moved south at different times between the 13th and 16th century from areas in what is today southern Albania.〔Ducellier (1994).〕 The reasons for this migration are not entirely clear and may be manifold.〔https://books.google.al/books?id=rlUaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=arvanite+populations&source=bl&ots=WTn2qpyVO_&sig=MY84V8r0BPEk6KRzWxE9Cgw2qvE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QvaPVdfwONOI7AawwaTQBw&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATgo#v=onepage&q=arvanite%20populations&f=false〕 In many instances the Arvanites were invited by the Byzantine and Latin rulers of the time. They were employed to re-settle areas that had been largely depopulated through wars, epidemics, and other reasons, and they were employed as soldiers.〔https://books.google.al/books?id=-7nX6hv6k8AC&pg=PA119&dq=arvanites+populations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBzhaahUKEwjDyrfhgrPGAhXDjtsKHaEVDk8#v=onepage&q=arvanites%20populations&f=false〕〔https://books.google.al/books?id=nooU0vxRAFQC&pg=PA409&dq=the+arvanites&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwB2oVChMI0pjH14CzxgIVBo3bCh2gZADM#v=onepage&q=the%20arvanites&f=false〕 Some later movements are also believed to have been motivated to evade Islamization after the Ottoman conquest. The main waves of migration into southern Greece started around 1300, reached a peak some time during the 14th century, and ended around 1600.〔Troupis, Theodore K. ''Σκαλίζοντας τις ρίζες μας. Σέρβου.'' p. 1036. ''Τέλος η εσωτερική μετακίνηση εντός της επαρχίας Ηπειρωτών μεταναστών, που στο μεταξύ πλήθαιναν με γάμους και τις επιμειξίες σταμάτησε γύρω στο 1600 μ.Χ.''〕 Arvanites first reached Thessaly, then Attica, and finally the Peloponnese.〔Biris gives an estimated figure of 18,200 Arvanites who were settled in southern Greece between 1350 and 1418.〕
The poem "Thourios" by the 18th-century poet and Greek national hero Rigas Feraios included a call upon Arvanites, as upon other Christian Orthodox peoples living at the time in the general area of Greece, to join in rebelling against Ottoman rule. Indeed, during the Greek War of Independence, many Arvanites played an important role fighting on the Greek side against the Ottomans, often as national Greek heroes. With the formation of modern nations and nation-states in the Balkans, Arvanites have come to be regarded as an integral part of the Greek nation. In 1899, leading representatives of the Arvanites in Greece, among them descendants of the independence heroes, published a manifesto calling their fellow Albanians outside Greece to join in the creation of a common Albanian-Greek state.〔First published in ''Ελληνισμός'', Athens 1899, 195-202. Quoted in Gkikas 1978:7-9.〕
During the 20th century, after the creation of the Albanian nation-state, Arvanites in Greece have come to dissociate themselves much more strongly from the Albanians, stressing instead their national self-identification as Greeks. At the same time, it has been suggested that many Arvanites in earlier decades maintained an assimilatory stance,〔Tsitsipis (1981), Botsi (2003).〕 leading to a progressive loss of their traditional language and a shifting of the younger generation towards Greek. At some times, particularly under the nationalist 4th of August Regime under Ioannis Metaxas of 1936–1941, Greek state institutions followed a policy of actively discouraging and repressing the use of Arvanitika.〔GHM (1995), Trudgill/Tzavaras (1977). See also Tsitsipis (1981), Botsi (2003).〕 In the decades following World War II and the Greek Civil War, many Arvanites came under pressure to abandon Arvanitika in favour of monolingualism in the national language, and especially the archaizing Katharevousa which remained the official variant of Greek until 1976. This trend was prevalent mostly during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.〔Gefou-Madianou, pp. 420-421. "Those speakers of Arvanitika who were living in or near the capital came under greater criticism since their presence allegedly embodied the infection that contaminated the purity of the ethnic heritage. Thus, some decades later, during the dictatorship of August 4, 1936, the communities of Arvanites suffered various forms of persecution at the hands of the authorities, though during the 1940s their position improved somewhat as their members helped other Greek soldiers and officers serving in the Albanian front. Later, during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, especially during the years of the military junta (1967-74), their lot was undermined once more as the Greek language, and especially katharevousa during the junta, was actively and forcibly imposed by the government as the language of Greek nationality and identity."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Arvanites」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|