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Aryan
"Aryan" ()〔("Aryan" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.''〕 is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples. The word was used both by the Iranian peoples, forming the etymological source of the country Iran and the closely related Indic peoples of the Vedic period in India.〔(Oxford English Dictionary: "Aryan from Sanskrit Arya 'Noble'" )〕〔Encyclopædia Britannica: " ...the Sanskrit term arya ("noble" or "distinguished"), the linguistic root of the word (Aryan)..." "It is now used in linguistics only in the sense of the term Indo-Aryan languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family" ()〕〔Thomas R. Trautman (2004): "Aryan is from Arya a Sanskrit word"; page xxxii of (''Aryans And British India'' )〕 It was believed in the 19th century that it was also a self-designation used by all Proto-Indo-Europeans, a theory that has now been abandoned. Scholars point out that, even in ancient times, the idea of being an "Aryan" was religious, cultural and linguistic, not racial.〔Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, (Iranian Identity, the 'Aryan Race,' and Jake Gyllenhaal ), PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), 6 August 2010.〕
Drawing on misinterpreted references in the Rig Veda by Western Scholars in the 19th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted as a racial category through the work of Arthur de Gobineau, whose ideology of race was based on an idea of blonde northern European "Aryans" who had migrated across the world and founded all major civilizations, before being degraded through racial mixture with local populations. Through Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Gobineau's ideas later influenced the Nazi racial ideology, which also saw "Aryan peoples" as innately superior to other putative racial groups. The atrocities committed in the name of this racial aryanism caused the term to be abandoned by most academics; and, in present-day academia, the term "Aryan" has been replaced in most cases by the terms "Indo-Iranian" and "Indo-European", and "Aryan" is now mostly limited to its appearance in the term of the "Indo-Aryan languages".〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'': "It is now used in linguistics only in the sense of the term Indo-Aryan languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family" ()〕
== Etymology ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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