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Assamese language
Assamese or Asamiya ( ') is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language used mainly in the state of Assam, where it is an official language. The easternmost of the Indo-Aryan languages, it is spoken by over 13 million native speakers,〔(2001 Indian Census report )〕 and serves as a ''lingua franca'' in the region.〔"Asamiya is the major language spoken in Assam, and serves almost as a lingua franca among the different speech communities in the whole area." 〕 It is also spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states. Nagamese, an Assamese-based Creole language is widely used in Nagaland and parts of Assam. Nefamese is an Assamese-based pidgin used in Arunachal Pradesh. Small pockets of Assamese speakers can be found in Bangladesh. In the past, it was the court language of the Ahom kingdom from the 17th century.
Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Assamese evolved at least before 7th century A.D〔Sen, Sukumar (1975), ''Grammatical sketches of Indian languages with comparative vocabulary and texts, Volume 1'', P 31〕 from the Magadhi Prakrit, which developed from a dialect or group of dialects that were close to, but different from, Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. Its sister languages include Bengali, Odia, Maithili, Chittagonian, Sylheti (Cilôţi), Angika and Bihari languages. It is written in the Assamese script, an abugida system, from left to right, with a large number of typographic ligatures.
The word Assamese is an English formation built on the same principle as Sinhalese or Japanese etc. It is based on the English word Assam by which the tract consisting of the Brahmaputra Valley and its adjoining areas are known.〔Sarma, Satyendranath (1976), ''Assamese Literature'', Page 43〕 The people call their state ' and their language '.
==History==
Assamese originated in Old Indo-Aryan dialects, though the exact nature of its origin and growth in not clear yet.〔"Asamiya has historically originated in Old Indo-Aryan dialects, but the exact nature of its origin and growth is not very clear as yet." 〕 It is generally believed that Assamese (Assam) and the Kamatapuri lects (North Bengal and Assam) derive from the Kamarupa dialect of Eastern Magadhi Prakrit and Apabhramsa,〔"Dr S. K. Chatterji basing his conclusion on the materials of accumulated by LSI Vol 1 and other monographs on the Bangali dialects divides eastern Mag. Pkt. and Ap. into four dialect groups. (1) ''Radha'' dialects which comprehend Western Bengali which gives standard Bangali dialect and Oriya in the South West. (2) ''Varendra'' dialects of North Central Bengal. (3) ''Kamarupa'' dialects which comprehend Assamese and the dialects of North Bengal. (4) ''Vanga'' dialects which comprehend the dialects of East Bengal (ODBL Vol. I. p140)" 〕 by keeping to the north of the Ganges;〔Goswami, Golockchandra (1982), ''Structure of Assamese'', Page 3〕 though some authors contest a close connection of Assamese with Magadhi Prakrit.〔There is evidence that the Prakrit of the Kamarupa kingdom differed enough from the Magadhi Prakrit to be identified as either a parallel Kamrupi Prakrit or at least an eastern variety of the Magadha Prakrit 〕 The Indo-Aryan language in Kamarupa had differentiated by the 7th-century, before it did in Bengal or Orissa.〔"It is curious to find that according to (Hiuen Tsang) the language of Kamarupa 'differed a little' from that of mid-India. Hiuen Tsang is silent about the language of Pundra-vardhana or Karna-Suvarna; it can be presumed that the language of these tracts were identical with that of Magadha." 〕 These changes were likely due to non-Indo-Aryan speakers adopting the language.〔"Perhaps this 'differing a little' of the Kamarupa speech refers to those modifications of Aryan sounds which now characterise Assamese as well as North- and East-Bengali dialects." 〕〔"When (Tibeto-Burman speakers ) adopted that language they also enriched it with their vocabularies, expressions, affixes etc." 〕 The evidence of this language (Kamarupi Prakrit) is found in the Prakritisms of the Kamarupa inscriptions.〔"... (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged." 〕 The earliest forms of Assamese in literature are found in the ninth-century Buddhist verses called Charyapada, and in 12-14th century works of Ramai Pundit (''Sunya Puran''), Boru Chandidas (''Krishna Kirtan''), Sukur Mamud (''Gopichandrar Gan''), Durllava Mullik (''Gobindachandrar Git'') and Bhavani Das (''Mainamatir Gan''). In these works, Assamese features coexist with features from other Modern Indian Languages. A fully distinguished literary form (poetry) appeared first in the fourteenth century—in the courts of the Kamata kingdom and in the courts of an eastern Kachari king where Madhav Kandali translated the Ramayana into the Assamese (Saptakanda Ramayana). From the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, songs (''borgeets''), dramas (''ankiya nat'') and the first prose writings (by Bhattadeva) were composed. The literary language, based on the western dialects of Assam moved to the court of the Ahom kingdom in the seventeenth century, where it became the state language. This period saw the widespread development of prose infused with colloquial forms. According to , this included "the colloquial prose of religious biographies, the archaic prose of magical charms, the conventional prose of utilitarian literature on medicine, astrology, arithmetic, dance and music, and above all the standardized prose of the Buranjis. The literary language, having become infused with the eastern idiom, became the standard literary form in the nineteenth century, when the British adopted it for state purposes. As the political and commercial center shifted to Guwahati after the mid-twentieth century, the literary form moved away from the eastern variety to take its current form.
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