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The Asen dynasty ((ブルガリア語:Асеневци), ''Asenevtsi'') founded and ruled a medieval Bulgarian state, called in modern historiography the Second Bulgarian Empire, between 1187 and 1256. The Asen dynasty and the Second Bulgarian Empire rose as the leaders of a rebellion against the Byzantine Empire at the turn of the year 1185/1186 caused by the increase in the Imperial taxes. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". Later rulers, especially the successful Ivan Asen II, styled themselves "Tsars (Emperors) of Bulgarians and Greeks". Some members of the Asen family entered Byzantine service in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. The name also occurs as a family name in modern Greek, and could go back to the same name. The Sratsimir dynasty descends paternally from the Asen dynasty. ==Origins== The origins of the dynasty, especially the ethnic background of the three Asen brothers (Teodor I Peter IV, Ivan Asen I and Kaloyan) are still a source of much controversy, debated between historians. There are three main hypothesis regarding their origins:〔Humanitas 2008: 4〕 # Bulgarian origin, a view that is common among the Bulgarian historians who reckon that all native sources use predominantly the terms Bulgaria, Bulgarians and Bulgarian, that tsar Kaloyan claimed provenance from the rulers of the First Bulgarian Empire. # Vlach origin,〔Steven Runciman. A History of the Crusades ((page 13 ))〕 a view supported by historians who base their claims on mentions in some chronicles. # Cuman origin,〔István Vásáry (2005) ''Cumans and Tatars'', Cambridge University Press, p. 2〕〔Laurențiu Rădvan, (''At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities'' ), BRILL, 2010, p. 129〕〔The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 279.〕〔Ion Grumeza, (The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 ) (2010), p.51.〕〔Bulgarian Folk Customs, Mercia MacDermott, pg 27〕 as some of the names in the dynasty, including Asen and Belgun (nickname of Ivan Asen I) are derived from Cuman language. In their own administrative documents and correspondence, the three rulers viewed themselves as descendants and successors of the Bulgarian Tsars Samuil, Peter I and Simeon I, and the state they founded as a continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire. However, this could be just a way to proclaim their legitimacy for the throne of the Empire. In a correspondence, of 1199, the Pope talks about the "Roman descent" of Kaloyan. However, considering the actual text says ''Nos autem audito quod de nobili urbis Romae prosapia progenitores tui originem traxerint'' ("We heard that your forefathers come from a noble family from the city of Rome"), it is usually dismissed as simply a hidden compliment of the Pope to Kaloyan. Pope Innocent III in his letter to the Bulgarian King Kaloyan (Calojoannes) in 1204 addressed him "King of Bulgarians and Vlachs" (''Bulgarorum and Blacorum rex''); in answering the Pope, John called himself ''imperator omnium Bulgarorum et Blachorum'' ("Emperor of all Bulgarians and Vlachs'), but signed himself ''imperator Bulgariae Calojoannes'' ("Emperor Kaloyan of Bulgaria"); besides, the archbishop of Veliko Tarnovo called himself ''totius Bulgariae et Blaciae Primas'' ("Primate of all Bulgaria and Vlachia"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Asen dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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