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Ashraf ((アラビア語:أشراف)) refers to someone who is a direct blood-line descendant from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fatimah. The word is the plural of ''sharīf'' "noble", from ''sharafa'' "to be highborn" if pronounced with long ''ā'' in the second syllable (أشراف /ašrāf/), but with short ''a'' (أشرف /ašraf/) is the intensive of ''sharīf'' meaning "very noble", "nobler", "noblest". Like the ''Sadaa'' (plural of Sayyid), Ashraf often take their names from ancestry from Ali, Fatima and Muhammad and have in many Muslim societies ''Ashraf'' evolved into an honorific denoting "master" or "gentry". More precisely, the Ashraf are descendants of Ali's elder son, Hassan, and the ''Sadah'' those of Ali's younger son Hussain. During the Abbasid period, the term was applied to all Ahl al-Bayt, basically Muhammad's own family, including, for example, the descendants of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, of Ali's second wife and of the Hashemites. During the Fatimid Dynasty, the use of the term was restricted to the descendants of Hasan and Husayn only. This restriction remained in force even after Egypt became Sunni again under the Ayyubids. Also, the Ashraf tribe exist along countries including Somalia and Ethiopia. There are 2 to 3 sub-categories of them also, which usually have Sharif in their middle or surname. They are originally from Yemen and have in the recent generations migrated to Somalia due to its wealth and profitable businesses at the time, before the civil war broke out. Many tribes couldn't distinguish between Ashraf and Sada. Sada Ashraf and Sayyid became a Sharif's title. The distinction between Hassani Ashraf and Hussaini Ashraf is not known. As late as the beginning of the nineteenth century, ''sayyid'' had no meaning other than ''sharif''. Abdurrahman al-Gabarti felt compelled to explain that a certain as-Sayyid Ali al-Qabtan was a Mamluk and not a Sharif, as might have been mistakenly inferred from his title. The title in this case, meaning a Mamluk master, originated from the Maghribi usage of "Sidi", which was equivalent in meaning to Emir or Shaikh. In modern usage, ''sayyid'' has lost its religious significance and means simply "mister". Well aware of their distinguished descent, the Ashraf tribes kept genealogical records and were socially acknowledged as a religious elite. Inevitably, doubts arose concerning the descent of many claimants to the title. Al-Gabarti once commented of one person: "He is one of the Ashraf of true genealogy. Sayyid Muhammad Murtada verified his genealogy." ==Usage in South Asia== In South Asia, ''ashraf'' designates a major social-status group within the greater Muslim community, namely all Muslims of foreign ancestry. This includes Sayyids and Shaikhs, as well as other Muslims of "foreign" ancestry, such as Mughals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ashraf」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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