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Athena (rocket family)
Athena was a 1990s Lockheed Martin expendable launch system which underwent several name changes in its lifetime.
Development began at the Lockheed Corporation in 1993, where the design was known as the Lockheed Launch Vehicle. The name was subsequently changed to the Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle when Lockheed merged with Martin Marietta. Late in the program's life the name was finally changed to Athena, and all of the launches after the demonstration flight in August 1995 were conducted using that name. Athena was retired from service in 2001, however in 2010 it was announced that it would be put back into production, with launches set to resume in 2012.〔 In September 2010 Athena was added to NASA's Launch Services II contract.
==Variants==
The Athena comes in two versions, Athena I and Athena II. The Athena I has two stages, the Thiokol Castor-120 first stage and a Pratt & Whitney ORBUS 21D upper stage. The Athena II has three stages, the Castor-120 first and second stages, and an ORBUS 21D upper stage. When flights resume in 2012, the Athena Ic and Athena IIc configurations will use Castor 30 stages instead of the Orbus 21D stages on the original versions.〔
The Athena rocket uses an Orbit Adjust Module (OAM) developed by Primex Technologies. Primex was acquired by General Dynamics in 2001. For the September 28th, 2001 Athena launch, the OAM was built by General Dynamics Space Propulsion Systems of Redmond, WA. The OAM houses the attitude control system and avionics subsystem (guidance and navigation, batteries, telemetry transmitters, command and destruct receivers and antennas). This long module is fueled with monopropellant hydrazine. After payload separation, the OAM performs a contamination and collision avoidance maneuver, distancing itself from the payload and burning any remaining fuel to depletion. Athena solid rocket motor provider ATK produces integrated upper stages using spin-stabilized or 3-axis stabilized ''Star'' solid motors that can provide higher velocities for GEO and escape (e.g. lunar and planetary) missions.〔''ATK Space Propulsion Products Catalog, May 2008'', p. 93〕 Such an integrated upper stage based on a 2531 lb ''Star 37FM'' was employed for the launch of ''Lunar Prospector'', the first lunar probe launched by a commercially developed launch vehicle.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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