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|Section2= |Section3= |Section7= |Section8= }} Atrazine is a herbicide of the triazine class. Atrazine is used to prevent pre- and postemergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn) and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. It is one of the most widely used herbicides in US〔 and Australian agriculture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chemical Review: Atrazine )〕 It was banned in the European Union in 2004, when the EU found groundwater levels exceeding the limits set by regulators, and Syngenta could neither show that this could be prevented nor that these levels were safe.〔〔 As of 2001, atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water in the United States.〔Gilliom RJ et al. US Geological Survey (The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters: Pesticides in the Nation’s Streams and Ground Water, 1992–2001 ) March 2006, Revised February 15, 2007〕 Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system. In 2006 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had stated that under the Food Quality Protection Act "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm",〔(Triazine Cumulative Risk Assessment and Atrazine, Simazine, and Propazine Decisions ), June 22, 2006, EPA.〕 and in 2007, the EPA said that atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian sexual development and that no additional testing was warranted.〔(Atrazine Updates: Amphibians ), April 2010, EPA.〕 EPA´s 2009 review 〔(EPA Begins New Scientific Evaluation of Atrazine ), October 7, 2009, EPA.〕 concluded that "the agency’s scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans."〔EPA (Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review—Human Health ) Current as of January 2013. Accessed March 15, 2014〕 EPA started a registration review in 2013.〔EPA (Atrazine Updates: Scientific Peer Review—Amphibians ) Current as of January 2013. Accessed March 15, 2014〕 The EPA's review has been criticized, and the safety of atrazine remains controversial.〔("A Valuable Reputation: Tyrone Hayes said that a chemical was harmful, its maker pursued him" ) by Rachel Aviv, ''The New Yorker'', 10 February 2014〕〔 ==Uses== Atrazine is an herbicide that is used to stop pre- and postemergence broadleaf and grassy weeds in crops such as sorghum, maize, sugarcane, lupins, pine, and eucalypt plantations, and triazine-tolerant canola.〔 In the United States as of 2014, atrazine was the second-most widely used herbicide after glyphosate,〔 with 76 million pounds of it applied each year. Atrazine continues to be one of the most widely used herbicides in Australian agriculture.〔 Its use was banned in the European Union in 2004, when the EU found groundwater levels exceeding the limits set by regulators, and Syngenta could not show that this could be prevented nor that these levels were safe.〔European Commission. (2004/248/EC: Commission Decision of 10 March 2004 concerning the non-inclusion of atrazine in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing this active substance (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 731) ) Decision 2004/248/EC - Official Journal L 078, Decision 2004/248/EC. March 16, 2004: Quote: "(9)Assessments made on the basis of the information submitted have not demonstrated that it may be expected that, under the proposed conditions of use, plant protection products containing atrazine satisfy in general the requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414/EEC. In particular, available monitoring data were insufficient to demonstrate that in large areas concentrations of the active substance and its breakdown products will not exceed 0,1 μg/l in groundwater. Moreover it cannot be assured that continued use in other areas will permit a satisfactory recovery of groundwater quality where concentrations already exceed 0,1 μg/l in groundwater. These levels of the active substance exceed the limits in Annex VI to Directive 91/414/EEC and would have an unacceptable effect on groundwater." (10) Atrazine should therefore not be included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC. (11) Measures should be taken to ensure that existing authorisations for plant protection products containing atrazine are withdrawn within a prescribed period and are not renewed and that no new authorisations for such products are granted."〕〔Danny Hakimfeb for the New York Times. February 23, 2015. (A Pesticide Banned, or Not, Underscores Trans-Atlantic Trade Sensitivities )〕 Its effect on corn yields has been estimated from 1% to 8%, with 3–4% being the conclusion of one economics review.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BioOne Online Journals - A Rationale for Atrazine Stewardship in Corn )〕 In another study looking at combined data from 236 university corn field trials from 1986–2005, atrazine treatments showed an average of 5.7 bushels more per acre than alternative herbicide treatments.〔Fawcett, Richard S. "(Twenty Years of University Corn Yield Data: With and Without Atrazine )", (North Central Weed Science Society ), 2008〕 Effects on sorghum yields have been estimated to be as high as 20%, owing in part to the absence of alternative weed control products that can be used on sorghum.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Market-level assessment of the economic benefits of atrazine in the United States - Mitchell - 2014 - Pest Management Science - Wiley Online Library )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Atrazine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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