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The Atakapa 〔Sturtevant, 659〕 are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, who spoke the Atakapa language and historically lived along the Gulf of Mexico. Europeans adopted this name from the competing Choctaw people, whom they first encountered. The Atakapan people, made up of several bands, called themselves the Ishak, pronounced "ee-SHAK", which translates as "The People."〔(''Times of Acadiana.com'' )〕 Within the tribe the Ishak identified as "The Sunrise People" and "The Sunset People".〔''Southwest Louisiana: A Treasure Revealed'', by Jeanne Owens - HPN Books - p.13 ()〕〔(Atkapa-Ishak Nation )〕 Although the people were decimated by infectious disease after European contact and declined as a tribe, survivors joined other tribes and their descendants still live in Louisiana and Texas. People identifying as Atakapa-Ishak had a gathering in 2006. Their name was also spelled ''Attakapa'', ''Attakapas'', or ''Attacapa''. It was the name by which the Choctaw people referred to them, meaning "man eater", for their practice of ritual cannibalism. Europeans encountered the Choctaw first during their exploration, and adopted their name for this people to the west.〔 〕〔 〕 The peoples lived in river valleys, along lake shores, and coasts from Galveston Bay, Texas to Vermilion Bay, Louisiana.〔 After 1762, when Louisiana was transferred to Spain following French defeat in the Seven Years' War, little was written about the Atakapa as a tribe. Due to a high rate of deaths from infectious disease epidemics of the late 18th century, they ceased to function as a tribe. Survivors generally joined the Caddo, Koasati, and other surrounding tribes, although they kept some traditions. Some culturally distinct Atakapan people survived into the 20th century.〔Sturtevant, 660.〕 == Subdivisions or bands == Atakapa-speaking peoples are called Atakapan, while Atakapa refers to a specific tribe.〔(The Atakapa-Ishak Nation )〕 EASTERN ATAKAPA or Hiyekiti Ishak (Sunrise People or Eastern People, name for the S.W. Louisiana Atakapa bands) *Eastern Atakapa Groups living in present-day Acadiana parishes in southern Louisiana, divided in two major regional bands: * * Alligator Band,〔(Atakapa Ishak Nation - Constitution of the Atakapa-Isak Nation of S.E. Texas and S.W. Louisiana (Source for Band and Clan names) )〕 lived along the Vermillion River and near Vermilion Bay in southwestern Iberia Parish and southeastern Vermilion Parish in South Central Louisiana, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, which is separated from it by Marsh Island and a portion of the Louisiana mainland in southeastern Vermilion Parish; the alligator was very important to this band; its oil was used for cooking and to treat minor arthritis and eczema symptoms, its scales were used as arrow heads, and its meat was used for food. * * Teche Band or Snake Band, lived on the prairies and coastal marshes in the Mermentau River watershed, along the Bayou Nezpique, Bayou des Cannes, Bayou Plaquemine Brule and Bayou Plaquemine Brule, containing the freshwater lakes Grand Lake and White Lake〔 and around St. Martinville on Bayou Teche in present-day St. Martin, Lafayette, St. Landry, St. Mary, Acadia and Evangeline parishes in southern Louisiana.〔Bradshaw, Jim. ("Iberia Parish was once part of Attakapas District" ), ''Daily Advertiser,'' 25 November 1997 (retrieved 8 June 2009).〕 They are named for the snake that symbolizes the winding and twisting course of Bayou Teche. *Appalousa (Opelousa)〔(The Opelousas )〕 or Opelousas Band, also known as the Heron Band, because they painted their lower legs and feet black during mourning ceremonies, mimicking the long black legs of the heron, lived between the Atchafalaya River and Sabine River (at the border of Texas-Louisiana) west of the lower Mississippi River before European contact in the 18th century, later centered in the area around present-day Opelousas, Louisiana and the prairies around St. Landry Parish were at various times in their history associated with the neighboring Eastern Atakapa and Chitimacha peoples. They were warlike and preyed on neighbors to defend their own territory; in 1760 Eastern Atakapa Chief Kinemo sold all the land between Vermilion River and Bayou Teche to Frenchman Gabriel Fuselier de la Claire, the angry Appalousa exterminated the Eastern Atakapa bands. They are supposed to have spoken the Eastern Atakapan dialect. WESTERN ATAKAPA or Hikike Ishak (Sunset People or Western People, name for the S.E. Texas Atakapa bands) *Akokisa, meaning “river people”, westernmost Atakapa tribe, lived in the mid-18th century in five villages along the lower course of Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers and eastern shores of Galveston Bay.〔 *Atakapa (proper) groups,〔 divided in two major regional bands: * * Calcasieu Band, living along Calcasieu River between the Calcasieu Lake in southwest Louisiana and Sabine Lake on the Louisiana-Texas border, also known as Eagle Band for the eagle which could be seen flying over the lakes. * * Red Bird Band, living on the prairies and coastal areas near present-day Lake Charles in South Western Louisiana, they were represented by the red bird. *Bidai, around Bedias Creek, ranging from the Brazos River to Neches River, Texas.〔 *Deadose, a band of Bidai that separated in the early 18th century, living north of the other Bidai between the junction of the Angelina River and Neches River and the upper end of Galveston Bay in east-central Texas, about 1720 they moved westward between the Brazos and Trinity rivers, later they settled near missions on the San Gabriel River (together with Bidai and Akokisa) in the Texas Hill Country, between 1749 and 1751 they gathered (together with Akokisa, Orcoquiza, Bidai, and Patiri) at the short-lived San Ildefonso Mission near the mouth of Brushy Creek, some at Alamo Mission in San Antonio.〔 In the second half of the 18th century the Deadose were closely associated with certain Tonkawan groups (Ervipiame (?), Mayeye, and Yojuane), suffering heavily from measles and smallpox they joined kindred Bidai, Akokisa and Tonkawa and eventually lost their ethnic identity in the latter part of the 18th century. *Orcoquiza, probably an Akokisa band which lived north of Galveston Bay along the Trinity and Colorado rivers.〔( "Orcoquiza Indians" ), Handbook of Texas History Online〕 *Patiri, Petaros, or Pastia, lived north of the San Jacinto River valley between the Bidai and Akokisa Indians, Texas. This would place them in the Piney Woods of East Texas west of the Trinity River in the area between Houston and Huntsville. Little is known about them.〔 *Tlacopsel, Acopsel, or Lacopspel, the location of their settlements in southeast Texas are unknown, but it is believed that they lived in the same general area as the kindred Bidai and Deadose Indians. They are known only during the eighteenth century, mainly in connection with Indian requests for missions in east central Texas.〔Campbell, Thomas N. ("Tlacopsel Indians" ), ''Handbook of Texas History Online'' (retrieved 14 March 2010).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Atakapa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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