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Aurelian
Aurelian ((ラテン語:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus);〔In Classical Latin, Aurelian's name would be inscribed as LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS.〕〔His full name, with honorific and victory titles, was ''Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus, Germanicus Maximus, Gothicus Maximus, Parthicus Maximus, Restitutor Orientis, Restitutor Orbis''.〕 9 September 214 or 215 – September or October 275), was Roman Emperor from 270 to 275. Born in humble circumstances, he rose through the military ranks to become emperor. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, and the abandonment of the province of Dacia.
His successes were instrumental in ending the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century, earning him the title ''Restitutor Orbis'' or 'Restorer of the World'. Although Domitian was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as ''dominus et deus'' (master and god), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian.〔G.H. Halsberghe, ''The Cult of Sol Invictus'', Leiden, 1972, p. (152 ).〕
== Early life==
Aurelian was born on 9 September, most likely in 214 AD, although 215 AD is also possible.〔Saunders(1992:104-6)〕 The ancient sources are not agreed on his place of birth, although he was generally accepted as being a native of ''Illyricum''. ''Sirmium'' in ''Pannonia Inferior'' (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) is the preferred location,〔Milošević(2010:pp 106-7)〕 which was created by Aurelian as Emperor when he abandoned the old trans-Danubian territory of ''Dacia''. The academic consensus is that he was of humble birth and that his father was a peasant-farmer who took his Roman ''nomen'' from his landlord, a senator of the clan Aurelius.〔Watson(1999:1).〕 Saunders suggests that his family might in fact have been of Roman settler origin and of much higher social status. His reasons are discussed in the following section. However, his suggestion has not been taken up by his more recent academic colleagues such as Southern and Watson.
Using the evidence of the ancient sources, it was at one time suggested that Aurelian's mother was a freedwoman of a member of the clan Aurelius and that she herself was a priestess of the Sun-God (''Sol Invictus'') in her native village. These two propositions together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as Emperor - see below. However, it seems that this pleasant extrapolation of dubious facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that.〔Saunders(1992:107).〕
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