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The autism rights movement (ARM), also known as the autistic culture movement, is a social movement within the neurodiversity and disability rights movements that encourages autistic people, their caregivers and society to adopt a position of neurodiversity, accepting autism as a variation in functioning rather than a disorder to be cured. The ARM advocates a variety of goals including a greater acceptance of autistic behaviors;〔(Mission Statement. ) Autism Acceptance Project. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.〕 therapies that teach autistic individuals coping skills rather than therapies focused on imitating behaviors of neurotypical peers;〔(Mission Statement. ) Aspies for Freedom. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.〕 the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms;〔(Autism Network International presents Autreat. ) (2008-05-23) AIN.〕 and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group. Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome. This perspective is distinct from two other likewise distinct views: (1) the mainstream perspective that autism is caused by a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the autism gene(s) and (2) the perspective that autism is caused by environmental factors like vaccines and pollution and could be cured by addressing environmental causes.〔 The movement is controversial. There are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people who are autistic or associated with autistic people. A common criticism leveled against autistic activists is that the majority of them are high-functioning or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of all autistic people,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Synapse.org.au )〕 although some prominent figures in the movement (such as Amy Sequenzia) are nonverbal and have been labeled as low-functioning. ==History== Jim Sinclair was the first individual to communicate the anti-cure or autism rights perspective in the late 1980s.〔 In 1992, Sinclair co-founded the Autism Network International, an organization that publishes newsletters "written by and for autistic people". Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were Donna Williams and Kathy Grant, two autistic individuals who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The first issue of the ANI newsletter, ''Our Voice'', was distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization grew slowly, over the years, and it eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics.〔Sinclair, Jim. (History of ANI ). Retrieved November 12, 2005.〕 In 1996, a yearly retreat known as Autreat was established. Autreat is a United States retreat and conference hosted by the autism rights organization Autism Network International, specifically for autistic people.〔Sinclair, Jim. (History of ANI ). Retrieved 12 November 2005.〕 As of 2012, Autreat has been held every year, except for 2001. In 2004, Michelle Dawson challenged applied behavior analysis (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in ''Auton v. British Columbia'' against the required government funding of ABA.〔 That same year ''The New York Times'' covered the autism rights perspective by publishing Amy Harmon's article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading." Aspies For Freedom (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established June 18 as Autistic Pride Day starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the National Alliance for Autism Research, Cure Autism Now, and the Judge Rotenberg Center. In 2006, the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=TAAProject | The Autism Acceptance Project )〕 The project affiliated with The Autistic Self Advocacy Network and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations to promote autism acceptance. From 2005-8, TAAProject organized arts-based events to show the public an active autism rights movement that burgeoned online. In addition, it sponsored the controversial Joy of Autism: Redefining Ability and Quality of Life events and lectures in Toronto, featuring dozens of autistic artists and speakers including Jim Sinclair, Michelle Dawson, Phil Schwartz, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Larry Bissonnette and more. In 2014, TAAProject worked with York University to bring non-verbal autistic self-advocates who type to communicate, Larry Bissonnette and Tracy Thresher to discuss autism and screen the film Wretches & Jabberers. Estee Klar continues her work also in Critical Disability Studies (PhD program) at York University in Toronto. In 2008, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) succeeded in halting two ad campaigns it stated were demeaning to autistics. The first ads were a series published by the NYU Child Study Center that appeared in the form of ransom notes. One read, "We have your son. We will make sure he will no longer be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning", and was signed, "Autism".〔 The second ads were published by PETA and featured a bowl of milk with the left over bits of cereal forming a frowning face. The text read, "Got autism?" and was meant to advertise what PETA claims is a link between autism and the casein in milk. Phone calls, letters and petitions organized by ASAN led to the removal of these ads.〔http://www.peta.org/features/got-autism-learn-link-dairy-products-disease/ Got Autism? Learn About the Links Between Dairy Products and the Disorder] PETA. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.〕〔Ne'eman, Ari. (October 2008) (PETA Billboard Removal. ) The Autistic Self Advocacy Network.〕 The rise of the Internet has provided more opportunities for autistic individuals to connect and organize. Considering the geographical distance, communication and speech patterns of autistic individuals, and the domination of neurotypical professionals and family members in established autism organizations, the Internet has provided an invaluable space for members of the movement to organize and communicate.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Autism rights movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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