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Auto-Tune is an audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances. It was originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectly tuned despite originally being slightly off-key. One of the first auto-tune devices came from a phase vocoder algorithm originally developed to locate underground oil deposits. The processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true semitone (to the exact pitch of the nearest tone in traditional equal temperament). Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly.〔 The overall effect to the discerning ear can be described as hearing the voice leap from note to note stepwise, like a synthesizer.〔ANTARES KANTOS 1.0." Electronic Musician 18, no. 7 (June 2002): 26. Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015).〕 Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for professional audio multi-tracking suites used in a studio setting and as a stand-alone, rack-mounted unit for live performance processing.〔(Antares product page )〕 Auto-Tune has become standard equipment in professional recording studios.〔Everett-Green, Robert. "Ruled by Frankenmusic," ''The Globe and Mail'', October 14, 2007, p. R1.〕 Instruments like the Peavey AT-2000 guitar are seamlessly using the Auto Tune technology for real time pitch correction.〔Robair, Gino. "Waves of Innovation" Mix. Jun 2013.Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015)〕 Auto-Tune was initially created by Andy Hildebrand, an engineer working for Exxon. Hildebrand developed methods for interpreting seismic data and subsequently realized that the technology could be used to detect, analyze, and modify the pitch in audio files.〔Frere Jones, Sasha. "(The Gerbil's Revenge )", ''The New Yorker'', June 9, 2008〕 ==In popular music== Auto-Tune was used to produce the prominent altered vocal effect on Cher's "Believe".〔Frazier-Neely, Cathryn. "The Independent Teacher--Live Vs. Recorded: Comparing Apples to Oranges to Get Fruit Salad." Journal of Singing - The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing 69.5 (2013): 593-6. ProQuest. Web. 16 June 2014.〕 In an early interview the producers claimed they had used a Digitech Talker FX pedal, in what ''Sound on Sound''’s editors perceive as an attempt to preserve a trade secret.〔("Recording Cher's 'Believe'" )〕 After the success of "Believe" the technique became known as the "Cher Effect".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.upvenue.com/music-news/blog-headline/1091/tuym-auto-tune-or-how-anyone-can-sing.html )〕 Originally, auto-tune was designed to discreetly correct imprecise intonations, but Cher's producers "used it to exaggerate the artificiality of abrupt pitch correction." This technique of exaggerating the artificiality of pitch soon became a widespread technique used in live performances and in pop recordings throughout the first ten years of the 21st century. According to Chris Lee of the ''Los Angeles Times'', "Believe" is "widely credited with injecting Auto-Tune's mechanical modulations into pop consciousness."〔 In the year 2000, the single "Naive Song" performed by Mirwais Ahmadzai from his album ''Production (Mirwais LP)'' is the first ever track using Auto-Tune on the complete vocals.〔http://www.geocities.ws/madonnamax/interviews/mirwais.html〕〔http://next.liberation.fr/musique/2011/09/03/comment-auto-tune-a-tue-les-fausses-notes_757750〕 The use of Auto-Tune as a musical effect was bolstered in the late 2000s by R&B singer T-Pain, who elaborated on the effect and made active use of Auto-Tune in his songs.〔Farber, Jim (2007). "(Singers do better with T-Pain relief )", ''New York DailyNews''.〕 He cites new jack swing producer Teddy Riley and funk artist Roger Troutman's use of the Vocoder as inspirations for his own use of Auto-Tune. T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he has an iPhone App named after him that simulates the effect, called "I Am T-Pain".〔(I Am T-Pain at Smule.com )〕 Auto-Tune has since been used in other R&B and hip hop artists' works, including Snoop Dogg's single "Sexual Eruption", Lil Wayne's "Lollipop", and Kanye West's album ''808s & Heartbreak''. In more contemporary rap music, Auto-Tune is used in a different way from artists like T-Pain or Kanye West; the two popular rap artists dedicated full albums to Auto-Tune, taking advantage of the mechanical and futuristic style that the audio processor has to offer. Rappers like Chief Keef and Future have recently been using Auto-Tune. Future's influence is also being felt more and more among rappers from his native Atlanta. Popular rappers like Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan, who hail from Atlanta, have been using a sound similar to that of Future's in their recent music that sounds like an "emotive garglegroan." The effect has also become enormously popular in raï music and other genres from Northern Africa. According to the ''Boston Herald'', country stars Faith Hill, Shania Twain, and Tim McGraw all use Auto-Tune in performance, calling it a safety net that guarantees a good performance.〔Treacy, Christopher John. "Pitch-adjusting software brings studio tricks," ''The Boston Herald'', February 19, 2007, Monday, "The Edge" p. 32.〕 However, other country music singers, such as Allison Moorer, Trisha Yearwood, Vince Gill, Garth Brooks and Martina McBride, have refused to use Auto-Tune.〔McCall, Michael. (Pro Tools: A number of leading country artists sing off key. But a magical piece of software-Pro Tools-makes them sound as good as gold. )"〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Auto-Tune」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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