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The term "autopoiesis" () refers to a system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself. The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has been also applied to the fields of systems theory and sociology. The original definition can be found in ''Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living'' (1st edition 1973, 2nd 1980): ==Meaning== Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The eukaryotic cell, for example, is made of various biochemical components such as nucleic acids and proteins, and is organized into bounded structures such as the cell nucleus, various organelles, a cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, ''produce'' the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium). An autopoietic system is to be contrasted with an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, which uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organized structure) which is something ''other'' than itself (the factory). However, if the system is extended from the factory to include components in the factory's 'environment', such as supply chains, plant / equipment, workers, dealerships, customers, contracts, competitors, cars, spare parts, and so on, then as a total viable system it could be considered to be autopoietic. Though others have often used the term as a synonym for self-organization, Maturana himself stated he would "()ever use the notion of self-organization (). Operationally it is impossible. That is, if the organization of a thing changes, the thing changes". Moreover, an autopoietic system is autonomous and operationally closed, in the sense that there are sufficient processes within it to maintain the whole. Autopoietic systems are "structurally coupled" with their medium, embedded in a dynamic of changes that can be recalled as sensory-motor coupling. This continuous dynamic is considered as a rudimentary form of knowledge or cognition and can be observed throughout life-forms. An application of the concept of autopoiesis to sociology can be found in Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theory, which was subsequently adapted by Bob Jessop in his studies of the capitalist state system. Marjatta Maula adapted the concept of autopoiesis in a business context. The theory of autopoiesis has also been applied in the context of legal systems by not only Niklas Luhmann, but also Gunther Teubner.〔Gunther Teubner, ''Law as an Autopoietic System'' (The European University Institute Press, 1992).〕〔For a discussion on the evolution and development of autopoietic legal systems, see, Neil T. Lyons, ''Autopoiesis: Evolution, Assimilation, and Causation of Normative Closure'', in, ''Law, Justice, and Miscommunications: Essays in Applied Legal Philosophy,'' (ed. Dr. Tim Kaye, Vanderplas Publishing, 2011) ISBN 978-1-600-42152-5.〕 In the context of textual studies, Jerome McGann argues that texts are "autopoietic mechanisms operating as self-generating feedback systems that cannot be separated from those who manipulate and use them".〔''The Textual Condition'' (Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 15.〕 Citing Maturana and Varela, he defines an autopoietic system as "a closed topological space that 'continuously generates and specifies its own organization through its operation as a system of production of its own components, and does this in an endless turnover of components'", concluding that "Autopoietic systems are thus distinguished from allopoietic systems, which are Cartesian and which 'have as the product of their functioning something different from themselves'". Coding and markup appear allopoietic", McGann argues, but are generative parts of the system they serve to maintain, and thus language and print or electronic technology are autopoietic systems.〔"Marking Texts of Many Dimensions" in ''A Companion to Digital Humanities'' ed. Susan Schreibman, Raymond George Siemens and John M. Unsworth (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), pp. 200-201.〕 In his discussion of Hegel, the philosopher Slavoj Zizek argues that "Hegel is - to use today's terms - the ultimate thinker of autopoiesis, of the process of the emergence of necessary features out of chaotic contingency, the thinker of contingency's gradual self-organisation, of the gradual rise of order out of chaos."〔Slavoj Zizek, "Less Than Nothing", (Verso, 2012), p. 467.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Autopoiesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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