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Baal (),〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1885), "(Baal, ''n.'' )"〕 properly Baʿal (; ; , ), was a title and honorific meaning "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods. Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations. The Hebrew Scriptures, compiled and curated over a span of centuries, include early use of the term in reference to their God Yahweh, generic use in reference to various Levantine deities, and finally pointed application towards Hadad, who was decried as a false god. This use was taken over into Christianity and Islam, sometimes under the opprobrious form Beelzebub. ==Word== The spelling "Baal" derives from the Greek ''Báal'' (), which appears in the New Testament and Septuagint, and from its Latinized form ''ラテン語:Baal'', which appears in the Vulgate. The word's Biblical senses as a Phoenician deity and false gods generally were extended during the Protestant Reformation to denote any idols, icons of the saints, or the Catholic Church generally.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1885), "(Baalist, ''n.'' )"〕 In such contexts, it follows the anglicized pronunciation and usually omits any mark between its two As.〔 In modern scholarship, the half ring or apostrophe in the name Baʿal marks the word's original glottal stop, a vocalization which appears in the middle of the English word "uh-oh". The Northwest Semitic languages—Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Amorite, and Aramaic—were all abjads, typically written without vowels. As such, the word ''baʿal'' was usually written as BʿL (bet-ayin-lamedh); its vowels have been reconstructed. In these languages, ''baʿal'' signified "owner" and, by extension, "lord", a "master", or "husband". It also appears as Baʿali or Baʿaly, "my Lord". Cognates include the Akkadian ''Bēlu'' (), which is taken as EN in Sumerian texts. There, it has the meaning "high priest" or "lord" and appears in the names of the gods Enki and Enlil.}} Amharic ''bal'' (), and Arabic ''baʿl'' (). ''Báʿal'' () and ''baʿl'' still serve as the words for "husband" in modern Hebrew and Arabic respectively. They also appear in some contexts concerning the ownership of things or possession of traits. In Levantine Arabic, ''baʿl'' also serves as an adjective describing farming that relies on rainwater alone. The feminine form is ''baʿalah'' ((ヘブライ語:בַּעֲלָה); (アラビア語:بعلـة)), meaning "mistress" in the sense of a female owner or lady of the house and still serving as a rare word for "wife". The plural form is ''baʿalim'', which appears in the Hebrew Scriptures but not other Phoenician, Canaanite, or Aramaic sources. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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