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Bacillus subtilis
''Bacillus subtilis'', known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans. A member of the genus ''Bacillus'', ''B. subtilis'' is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. ''B. subtilis'' has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative aerobe. ''B. subtilis'' is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.
==Description==
''Bacillus subtilis'' is a Gram-positive bacterium, rod-shaped and catalase-positive. It was originally named ''Vibrio subtilis'' by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, and renamed ''Bacillus subtilis'' by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872 (subtilis being the latin for 'fine'). ''B. subtilis'' cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 4-10 micrometers (μm) long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of about 4.6 fL at stationary phase. As other members of the genus ''Bacillus'', it can form an endospore, to survive extreme environmental conditions of temperature and desiccation.
''B. subtilis'' is a facultative anaerobe and had been considered as an obligate aerobe until 1998. ''B. subtilis'' is heavily flagellated, which gives it the ability to move quickly in liquids.
''B. subtilis'' has proven highly amenable to genetic manipulation, and has become widely adopted as a model organism for laboratory studies, especially of sporulation, which is a simplified example of cellular differentiation. In terms of popularity as a laboratory model organism, ''B. subtilis'' is often considered as the Gram-positive equivalent of ''Escherichia coli'', an extensively studied Gram-negative bacterium.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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