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Bad-tibira
Bad-tibira, "Wall of the Copper Worker(s)",〔W.F. Albright and T.O. Lambdin, "The Evidence of Language", in ''The Cambridge Ancient History'' I, part 1 (Cambridge University Press), 1971, ISBN 0-521-07051-1: 150.〕 or "Fortress of the Smiths",〔Hallo, William W. and William Kelly Simpson, ''The Ancient Near East: A History'', Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1971, p. 32〕 identified as modern Tell al-Madineh, between Ash Shatrah and Tell as-Senkereh (ancient Larsa) in southern Iraq,〔Vaughn E. Crawford, "The Location of Bad-Tibira", ''Iraq'' 22 "Ur in Retrospect. In Memory of Sir C. Leonard Woolley" (Spring - Autumn 1960:197-199); the secure identification is based on the recovery at the pillaged site of fragments of a known inscription of Entemena that had surfaced in the black market without provenance. Earlier excavations at a mound called Medain near the site of Lagash, following a report of a vendor of one of the inscriptions, had proved fruitless: see H. de Genouillac, ''Fouilles de Telloh'', ii:139 (noted by Crawford 1960:197 note 7).〕 was an ancient Sumerian city, which appears among antediluvian cities in the Sumerian King List. Its Akkadian name was Dûr-gurgurri.〔Collection of taxes from Dûr-gurgurri features in correspondence of Hammurabi (first half of the 18th century BCE) noted in L. W. King and H. R. Hall, ''Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries'' (New York, 2005) p. 306f; it remained a city of metal-workers and the principal settlement of the guild of ''gugurrē'', "metalworkers" (L. W. King, ''The Letters And Inscriptions Of Hammurabi, King Of Babylon About B.C. 2200'' vol. III, p. 21, note 2.).〕 It was also called (Pantibiblos) by Greek authors such as Abydenus, Apollodorus of Athens and Berossus. This may reflect another version of the city's name, Patibira, "Canal of the Smiths".〔Hallo, William W. and William Kelly Simpson, ''The Ancient Near East: A History'', Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1971, p. 32〕
==History==
According to the ''Sumerian King List'', Bad-tibira was the second city to "exercise kingship" in Sumer before the flood, following Eridu. These kings were said to be En-men-lu-ana, En-men-gal-ana and Dumuzid the Shepherd.
The early Sumerian text ''Inanna's descent to the netherworld'' mentions the city's temple, E-mush-kalamma. In this tale, Inanna dissuades demons from the netherworld from taking Lulal, patron of Bad-tibira, who was living in squalor. They eventually take Dumuzid, who lived in palatial opulence at Uruk. This Dumuzid is called "the Shepherd",〔(Inanna's descent to the netherworld - ETCSL )〕 who on the King List resides at Bad-Tibira in contrast to the post-diluvian Dumuzid, the Fisherman, who reigns in Uruk.
The "brotherhood text" in cuneiform inscriptions on cones plundered from the site in the 1930s records the friendship pact of Entemena, governor of Lagash, and Lugal-kinishedudu, governor of Uruk. It identifies Entemena as the builder of the temple E-mush〔Presumably the same temple as E-mush-kalamma, according to Crawford.〕 to Inanna and Dumuzid, under his local epithet Lugal-E-mush.〔Crawford 1960:197.〕
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