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Badr-1
Badr-1 (, meaning ''Full Moon-1'') was the first artificial and the first digital communication satellite launched by Pakistan's supreme national space authority — the SUPARCO — in 1990. The ''Badr-I'' was Pakistan's first indigenously developed and manufactured digital communications and an experimental artificial satellite which was launched into low Earth orbit by Pakistan on July 16, 1990, through a Chinese rocket carrier. The launch ushered new military, technological, and scientific developments in Pakistan and also provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere.〔 Originally planned to be launched from the United States in 1986, the ''Challenger disaster'' furthered delayed the launch of the satellite which changed the plan. After the People's Republic of China offered Pakistan to use its facility, the ''Badr-I'' was finally launched from XLSC in 1990 on Long March 2E (LM2E). ''Badr-I'' traveled at 61,500 miles per hour, taking 96.3 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at the 145 to 435 MHz bands which were operated by Pakistan Amateur Radio Society (PARS).〔 The ''Badr-I'' successfully completed its designed life, and a new satellite was proposed to be developed.〔
==Before the launch==
The history of the ''Badr-1'' project dated back to 1979, when ISRO successfully launched her first satellite, ''Rohini'' on August 13, 1979. On December 13, 1979, Munir Ahmad Khan managed a cabinet-level meeting with Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia-ul-Haq and gained Suparco's status as an executive authority. In 1981, Salim Mehmud addressed Munir Ahmad Khan proposing the development of an Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, the task previously achieved by India.〔 Munir Ahmad Khan took the matter to General Zia-ul-Haq who gave approval of this project. As part of the development of this project, Suparco sent hundreds of engineers to University of Surrey to participate in the development of UO-11 which was launched in 1984. After participating in various projects with University of Surrey, the team returned to Pakistan in 1986.〔 Munir Ahmad Khan then returned to General Zia-ul-Haq and obtained his approval to began practical work on Badr-I.〔 The project was started by Suparco's Dr. Salim Mehmud as director of the project and was supported by the members of Pakistan Amateur Radio Society.〔 The Suparco began building the satellite at the Instrumentation Laboratories (IL), with Dr. Muhammad Riaz Suddle serving as its project manager.〔 This project was called "''Project Badr''" and the ''Project Badr'' was initially funded financially by Ministry of Telecommunications and the Ministry of Science.〔 In short span of time, the ''Project Badr'' was completed, and the first satellite was named ''Badr-1''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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