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Balkanization, or Balkanisation, is a geopolitical term, originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another.〔(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary ) ''1. to break up (as a region or group) into smaller and often hostile units.''〕〔Vidanović, Ivan (2006). ''Rečnik socijalnog rada'' Udruženje stručnih radnika socijalne zaštite Srbije; Društvo socijalnih radnika Srbije; Asocijacija centra za socijalni rad Srbije; Unija Studenata socijalnog rada. ISBN 86-904183-4-2.〕 ==Nations and societies== The term refers to the division of the Balkan peninsula, formerly ruled almost entirely by the Ottoman Empire, into a number of smaller states between 1817 and 1912.〔("Balkanization" ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕 It was coined in the early 19th century and has a strong negative connotation.〔Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. Center for Strategic Research. Summer 2013. p. 128.〕 The term however came into common use in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, with reference to the numerous new states that arose from the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. There are also attempts to use the term ''Balkanization'' in a positive way equating it with the need for decentralisation and sustenance of a particular group or society. Current research on the positive aspects of Balkanization, including whether a Balkanisation of the current United Kingdom into separate countries such as Scotland, Wales and England will improve the living standards of its people is carried out by Srđan Jovanović Weiss with Centre for Research Architecture〔See http://www.gold.ac.uk/architecture/〕 at Goldsmiths College.〔(Srđan Jovanović Weiss at the Centre for Research Architecture )〕〔(Shapes of Balkanization ) - Exhibition at Akademie Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart, Germany 2006 by the Normal Architecture Office, a design practice founded by Srđan Jovanović Weiss〕 The larger countries within Europe, often being the result of the union of several historical regions or nations, have faced the perceived issue of Balkanization. The Iberian Peninsula and Spain especially has from the time of Al-Andalus had to come to terms with Balkanization, with several separatist movements existing today including the Basque Country and Catalan independentism. Quebec has been the scene of a small but vociferous partition movement from the part of anglophone activist groups opposed to the idea of Independence of Quebec. One such project is the Proposal for the Province of Montreal, which wishes for the establishment of a separate province from Quebec from Montreal's strongly anglophone Anglo-Saxon and immigrant communities. In January 2007, regarding the growing support for Scottish independence, the then-Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, and later Prime Minister, Gordon Brown talked of a "Balkanisation of Britain". Independence movements within Britain also exist in England, Wales, Cornwall and Northern Ireland. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Balkanization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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