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Baphomet (; from Medieval Latin ''Baphometh'', ''Baffometi'', Occitan ''Bafometz'') is a term originally used to describe an idol or other deity that the Knights Templar were accused of worshiping, and that subsequently was incorporated into disparate occult and mystical traditions. It appeared as a term for a pagan idol in trial transcripts of the Inquisition of the Knights Templar in the early 14th century.〔 The name first came into popular English usage in the 19th century, with debate and speculation on the reasons for the suppression of the Templars.〔"In the 19th century a fresh impetus was given to the discussion by the publication in 1813 of F. J. M. Raynouard's brilliant defence of the order. The challenge was taken up, among others, by the famous orientalist Friedrich von Hammer-Purgstall, who in 1818 published his ''Mysterium Baphometis revelatum'', an attempt to prove that the Templars followed the doctrines and rites of the Gnostic Ophites, the argument being fortified with reproductions of obscene representations of supposed Gnostic ceremonies and of mystic symbols said to have been found in the Templars' buildings. Wilcke, while rejecting Hammer's main conclusions as unproved, argued in favour of the existence of a secret doctrine based, not on Gnosticism, but on the unitarianism of Islam, of which Baphomet (Mahomet) was the symbol. On the other hand, Wilhelm Havemann (''Geschichte des Ausganges des Tempelherrenordens, Stuttgart and Tübingen'', 1846) decided in favour of the innocence of the order. This view was also taken by a succession of German scholars, in England by C. G. Addison, and in France by a whole series of conspicuous writers: ''e.g.'' Mignet, Guizot, Renan, Lavocat. Others, like Boutaric, while rejecting the charge of heresy, accepted the evidence for the ''spuitio'' and the indecent kisses, explaining the former as a formula of forgotten meaning and the latter as a sign of ''fraternité!''" ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911.〕 Since 1856, the name Baphomet has been associated with a "Sabbatic Goat" image drawn by Eliphas Levi〔 which contains binary elements representing the "sum total of the universe" (e.g. male and female, good and evil, etc.).〔Guiley, "Baphomet".〕 ==History== The name ''Baphomet'' appeared in July 1098 in a letter by the crusader Anselm of Ribemont: A chronicler of the First Crusade, Raymond of Aguilers, called the mosques ''Bafumarias''.〔"Raimundus de Agiles says of the Mahometans: In ecclesiis autem magnis Bafumarias faciebant . . . . habebant monticulum ubi duæ erant Bafumariæ. The troubadours employ Baformaria for mosque, and Bafomet for Mahomet." (Michaud, p. 497. )〕 The name ''Bafometz'' later appeared around 1195 in the Occitan poem "Senhors, per los nostres peccatz" by the troubadour Gavaudan.〔''Ab Luy venseretz totz los cas/Cuy Bafometz a escarnitz/e·ls renegatz outrasalhitz'' ("with his (Jesus' ) help you will defeat all the dogs whom Mahomet has led astray and the impudent renegades"). The relevant lines are translated in Michael Routledge (1999), "The Later Troubadours", in ''The Troubadours: An Introduction'', Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 112.〕 Around 1250 a poem bewailing the defeat of the Seventh Crusade by Austorc d'Aorlhac refers to ''Bafomet''.〔The quote is at Austorc d'Aorlhac.〕 ''De Bafomet'' is also the title of one of four surviving chapters of an Occitan translation of Ramon Llull's earliest known work, the ''Libre de la doctrina pueril'', "book on the instruction of children".〔The other chapters are ''De la ley nova'', ''De caritat'', and ''De iustitia''. The three folios of the Occitan fragment were reunited on 21 April 1887 and the work was then "discovered". Today it can be found in BnF fr. 6182. Clovis Brunel dated it to the thirteenth century, and it was probably made in the Quercy. The work was originally Latin, but medieval Catalan translation exists, as does a complete Occitan one. The Occitan fragment has been translated by 〕 When the medieval order of the Knights Templar was suppressed by King Philip IV of France, on Friday October 13, 1307, Philip had many French Templars simultaneously arrested, and then tortured into confessions. Over 100 different charges had been leveled against the Templars. Most of them were dubious, as they were the same charges that were leveled against the Cathars〔Barber 2006, p. 204.〕 and many of King Philip's enemies; he had earlier kidnapped Pope Boniface VIII and charged him with near identical offenses of heresy, spitting and urinating on the cross, and sodomy. Yet Malcolm Barber observes that historians "find it difficult to accept that an affair of such enormity rests upon total fabrication".〔Barber 2006, p. 306.〕 The "Chinon Parchment suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross," says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the Saracens, where they were taught how to commit apostasy "with the mind only and not with the heart".〔Martin, p. 138.〕 Similarly Michael Haag〔''Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's Temple to the Freemasons'': Profile Books, 2009〕 suggests that the simulated worship of Baphomet did indeed form part of a Templar initiation ritual. The name ''Baphomet'' comes up in several of these confessions. Peter Partner states in his 1987 book ''The Knights Templar and their Myth'', "In the trial of the Templars one of their main charges was their supposed worship of a heathen idol-head known as a 'Baphomet' ('Baphomet' = Mahomet)."〔Partner, pp. 34–35.〕 The description of the object changed from confession to confession. Some Templars denied any knowledge of it. Others, under torture, described it as being either a severed head, a cat, or a head with three faces.〔Read, p. 266.〕 The Templars did possess several silver-gilt heads as reliquaries,〔Martin, p. 139.〕 including one marked ''capud m'',〔"''Per quem allatum fuit eis quoddam magnum capud argenteum deauratum pulcrum, figuram muliebrem habens, intra quod erant ossa unius capitis, involuta et consuta in quodam panno lineo albo, syndone rubea superposita, et erat ibi quedam cedula consuta in qua erat scriptum capud m, et dicta ossa assimilabantur ossibus capitis parvi muliebris, et dicebatur ab aliquibus quod erat capud unius undecim millium virginum.''" (''Procès'', vol. ii, p. 218. )〕 another said to be St. Euphemia,〔Barber 2006, p. 244.〕 and possibly the actual head of Hugues de Payens.〔"It is possible that the head mentioned was in fact a reliquary of Hugh of Payns, containing his actual head." Barber 2006, p. 331.〕 The claims of an idol named Baphomet were unique to the Inquisition of the Templars.〔National Geographic Channel. ''Knights Templar'', February 22, 2006, video documentary written by Jesse Evans.〕〔Martin, p. 119.〕 Karen Ralls, author of the ''Knights Templar Encyclopedia'', argues that it is significant that "no specific evidence (Baphomet ) appears in either the Templar Rule or in other medieval period Templar documents."〔Ralls, p. 154.〕 Modern scholars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name Muhammad, with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the Outremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.〔Barber 1994, p. 321.〕 Alain Demurger, however, rejects the idea that the Templars could have adopted the doctrines of their enemies.〔Barber 2006, p. 305.〕 Helen Nicholson writes that the charges were essentially "manipulative"—the Templars "were accused of becoming fairy-tale Muslims."〔 Medieval Christians believed that Muslims were idolatrous and worshipped Muhammad as a god, with ''mahomet'' becoming ''mammet'' in English, meaning an idol or false god.〔Games and Coren, pp. 143-144.〕 This idol-worship is attributed to Muslims in several ''chansons de geste''. For example, one finds the gods ''Bafum e Travagan'' in a Provençal poem on the life of St. Honorat, completed in 1300.〔(Féraud, p. 2. )〕 In the ''Chanson de Simon Pouille'', written before 1235, a Saracen idol is called ''Bafumetz''.〔Pouille, p. 153.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baphomet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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