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Barmakids
The Barmakids ((ペルシア語:برمکیان) ''Barmakīyān''; (アラビア語:البرامكة) - ''al-Barāmikah'', from the Sanskrit: ''pramukha'' प्रमुख "leader, chief administrator, registrar");〔Harold Bailey, 1943. "Iranica" BSOAS 11: p. 2. India - Department of Archaeology, and V. S. Mirashi (ed.), ''Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era'' vol. 4 of ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum'', 1955, pp. clxx, 612, 614, 616.〕 also spelled Barmecides were an influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders,〔 Due to the recent clarifications of van Bladel, we now know that the frequent references in older literature to the Barmakids being Persian or Zoroastrian are imprecise. See, e.g., ("Barmakids." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 June 2007 ), Cyril Glassé (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6, Excerpt from: pg 6: "The 'Abbasid dynasty ruled with the help of the Barmakids, a prominent Persian family from Balkh who, before their conversion, had been priests in the Buddhist monastery of Nawbahar." Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index", Taylor & Francis, 2006. pg 855: "The Barmakids, a Persian family who had converted to Islam from Buddhism." Liyakatali Takim, "The heirs of the prophet: charisma and religious authority in Shi'ite Islam ", SUNY Press, 2006. pg 51: "The Barmakids were a Persian family of secretaries and wazirs who served the early 'Abbassid caliphs in different administrative capacities."〕 and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Khalid, the son of Barmak became the Prime Minister or ''Wazir'' of Al Saffah, the first Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. His son Yahya aided Harun Al-Rashid in capturing the throne and rose to power as the most powerful man in the Empire. The Barmakids were remarkable for their majesty, splendor and hospitality. They are mentioned in some stories of the ''Arabian Nights''.
== Origins ==
The family is traceable back to the hereditary Buddhist administrators, Sanskrit प्रमुख Pramukha (Arabized to Barmak), of the Buddhist monastery of Nava Vihāra (Nawbahar) west of Balkh (Northern Afghanistan).〔Kevin van Bladel, "The Bactrian Background of the Barmakids" ch.3 in A. Akasoy, C. Burnett and R. Yoeli-Tlalim (eds.) ``Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes'', Ashgate, 2011, 43-88〕 Historians of Islam have sometimes considered the Barmakids to have been Zoroastrian priests before converting to Islam, an erroneous view based on the fact that Balkh was known as an important centre of Zoroastrianism, or from a simple failure of early
Islamic sources to distinguish Zoroastrians from Buddhists. In fact, the Barmakids descended from the chiefs, or administrators of the Buddhist monastery called Navavihāra (Skt. नवविहार) or "New Monastery", that was described by the Chinese Buddhist diarist Xuanzang in the seventh century〔(Encyclopedia of Islam, 2 ed., v.1, pp.1033 ff. Online as: "al-Barāmika." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online , 2012. Reference. Universitaet Wien. 24 July 2012 )〕 which may have led to the Persian and Arabic error of thinking that the term "Nowbahār" was the name of a Zoroastrian fire temple headed by the Barmakids as reported in Islamic sources. The Pramukhas converted during the Arab invasion of the Sasanian Empire.
The Barmakids were highly educated, respected and influential throughout Arabia, Persia, Central Asia and the Levant. In Baghdad, the Barmakid court became a centre of patronage for the Ulema, poets, scholars alike.〔
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