|
Barriles (known also as ''Sitio Barriles'' or by the designation BU-24), is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Panama. It is located in the highlands of the Chiriquí Province of Western Panama at 1200 meters above sea level. It is several kilometers west of the modern town of Volcán. This places the site in the Gran Chiriquí culture area (encompassing Western Panama and much of Southern Costa Rica, parts of the even broader Intermediate Area or Isthmo-Colombian Area). The site was originally named for several small stone barrels found in the area, although these have also been found elsewhere in the Río Chiriquí Viejo valley and in Costa Rica. This area has a cool, spring-like climate with a pronounced rainy season between May and November, and a dry but windy season the rest of the year. The region lies on the western flanks of Volcán Barú, a dormant volcano and the highest mountain in Panama. Like El Caño in Central Panama or Panamá Viejo in Panama City, Barriles is one of the few archaeological sites in Panama regularly accessible to the public. The northwestern portion of the site is accessible to the public through the Landau finca (which is a private property), who have a variety of artifacts on display in their yard, in the walls of a fake excavation block, and in a small private museum. Not all of the artifacts on display were found on-site. The family offers guided tours of the collections and their gardens in both Spanish and English. Donations are greatly appreciated. The site is believed to have once been a socioceremonial center with a substantial residential population between 500-1000 individuals.〔(Palumbo 2009)〕 It contains a small mound which was once associated with a row of 14 statues. Ten of these depicted solitary individuals, while four included one individual- often chubbier, taller, wearing a conical hat and ornaments- riding atop the shoulders of a naked man, though some of these individuals also wore conical hats.〔(Vidal Friatts 1993)〕 Many scholars have interpreted these double individual statues as evidence for the existence of higher and lower status social groups within Barriles. A large metate (grinding stone) whose border was adorned by tiny stone heads has also been interpreted as evidence for violence or human sacrifice in the past.〔(Graham 1996)〕 Many of the statues and the metate are on currently display in the Museo Antropológico Reina Torres de Araúz in Panama City. Image:Barriles.jpg|Sitio Barriles, Province of Chiriqui, Panama ==Chronology== Barriles was largely occupied during the Aguas Buenas Period (A.D. 300-900) (see 〔(Haberland 1955>〕〔(Hoopes 1996)〕), known locally as the Bugaba Period. Nine radiocarbon dates have been taken from Barriles, six of them clustering between A.D. 500-800 (or the Late Bugaba Phase). Pottery from this period was generally unpainted and occasionally included engraved, incised and appliqué decorations. Stone artifacts, including small chips created from the manufacture of stone tools (i.e. blades, axes, and metates), were generally made from andesite, basalt, rhyolite, and chert. Organic materials, like plant fibers and animal bones, have not preserved well in the acidic soils. The Aguas Buenas Period was preceded by the Tropical Forest Archaic (4600-2300 B.C.), which is known from rockshelter sites found outside of the valley.〔(Ranere 1980)〕 The Concepción Phase (roughly 300 BC to AD 400) was associated with the earliest ceramic using populations in the area,〔(Shelton 1984)〕 and evidence suggests that populations were low and spatially dispersed, though more sites are known from lower elevations. The Aguas Buenas Period was associated with the development of settlement system containing large villages and small farmsteads. The subsequent Chiriquí Phases (AD 900-1500) witnessed the dissolution of the previous villages, and populations returned to ephemeral and spatially dispersed patterns.〔(Palumbo 2009)〕 This suggests that major population reorganization during the sequence may have been associated with the political and ceremonial rise and decline of Barriles. A hypothetical AD 600 eruption of nearby Volcán Baru was thought to have devastated other archaeological settlements upstream from Barriles, prompting a movement into, and subsequent colonization of, the Caribbean watershed.〔(Linares 1977)〕〔(Linares 1980)〕 Recent geological and archaeological work has seriously questioned the veracity of the AD 600 eruption, and evidence now points toward a much later eruption event, possibly around AD 1400.〔(Behling 2000)〕〔(Clement and Horn 2001)〕〔(Holmberg 2009)〕〔(Sherrod et al. 2007)〕 Recent archaeological work in the Caribbean watershed has also raised the possibility of earlier and denser populations than previously believed.〔(Griggs 2005)〕〔(Wake 2006)〕〔(Wake et al. 2004)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barriles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|