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Batiniyya
Batiniyya was originally introduced by Abu’l-Khāttāb Muhammad ibn Abu Zaynab al-Asadī,〔( Encyclopedia Iranica, "ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB ASADĪ" )〕〔( Encyclopedia Iranica, "ḴAṬṬĀBIYA" )〕 and later developed by Maymūn al-Qāddāh and his son ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maymūn〔( Encyclopedia Iranica, "ʿABDALLĀH B. MAYMŪN AL-QADDĀḤ" )〕 for the interpretation of Qur'an.〔 It might sometimes be employed as a pejorative term to refer to those movements, such as Alevism, Ismailism, and often Sufism, which distinguish between an inner, esoteric ''(Batini)'' level of meaning in the Quran, in addition to the outer exoteric ''(Zahiri)'' meaning. ''Batini ta’wil'' is the name given to the exegesis of the esoteric knowledge which rests with the Imam, or with the Shaykh/Pir in Sufism.
==Ismā'īlīsm==
The Ismailis and Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams from the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima Zahra and therefore share much of their early history. However, a dispute arose on the succession of the Sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis are those who accepted Ja'far's eldest son Ismā'īl as the next Imam, whereas the Twelvers accepted a younger son, Musa al-Kazim. Today, Ismā'īlīs are concentrated in Pakistan and other parts of South Asia. The Nizārī Ismā'īlīs, however, are also concentrated in Badakhshan ''(mainly, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan)''〔(Suhrobsho Davlatshoev, "The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan," School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2006, Turkey (M.S. Dissertation). )〕〔http://tajikistan.orexca.com/gorno_badakhshan_region.shtml〕- Central Asia, Russia, China, New Zealand, Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea, Syria, Australia, North America (including Canada), the United Kingdom, Bangladesh and in Africa as well. Their total population is around Thirteen to Sixteen Million excluding the Druze population, nearly 1% of the overall World Muslim population, and gets closer to a total of Twenty Million Ismā'īlī population with the inclusion of Druzes.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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