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Battle of Tinchebray
The Battle of Tinchebray (alternate spellings Tinchebrai or Tenchebrai) was fought 28 September 1106, in the town of Tinchebray (in today's Orne ''département'' of France), Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and his older brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy.〔C. Warren Hollister, ''Henry I'', ed. Amanda Clark Frost (New Haven; London, Yale University Press, 2003), p. 199〕 Henry's knights won a decisive victory, capturing Robert and imprisoning him in England (in Devizes Castle) and then Wales until Robert's death (in Cardiff Castle).〔David Crouch, ''The Normans; The History of a Dynasty'' (London. New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), pp. 178-79〕
The previous year Henry had invaded Normandy, taking Bayeux and Caen. He was forced to break off his campaign owing to political problems arising from the Investiture Controversy.〔David Crouch, ''The Normans; The History of a Dynasty'' (London. New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), pp. 176-77〕 With these settled, he returned to Normandy in the spring of 1106.〔 After quickly taking the fortified abbey of Saint-Pierre sur Dives (near Falaise), Henry turned south and besieged the castle of Tinchebray, on a hill above the town.〔 Tinchebray is on the border of the county of Mortain, in the southwest of Normandy, and was held by William, Count of Mortain, who was one of the few important Norman barons still loyal to Robert.〔Charles Wendell David, ''Robert Curthose'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920), p. 172〕 Duke Robert then brought up his forces to break the siege, and, after some unsuccessful negotiations, decided that a battle in the open was his best option.〔
Henry's army was organized into three groups.〔H. W. C. Davis, 'A Contemporary Account of the Battle of Tinchebrai', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 24, No. 96 (Oct., 1909), p. 731〕 The main two were commanded by Ranulf of Bayeux, Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester, and William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey.〔 In addition he had a reserve, commanded by Elias I of Maine, out of sight on the flank.〔 Also on Henry's side were Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, William, Count of Évreux, Ralph of Tosny, Robert of Montfort, and Robert of Grandmesil. On Robert Curthose's side were William, Count of Mortain, and Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury.〔Charles Wendell David, ''Robert Curthose'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920), p. 174〕
The battle itself only lasted an hour.〔H. W. C. Davis, 'A Contemporary Account of the Battle of Tinchebrai', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 24, No. 96 (Oct., 1909), p. 729〕 Notably, Henry ordered much of his force of knights to dismount, as he did himself: unusual for Norman battle tactics, infantry played a decisive role.〔H. W. C. Davis, 'A Contemporary Account of the Battle of Tinchebrai', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 24, No. 96 (Oct., 1909), pp. 731-32〕 The Count of Évreux charged the front line, comprising troops of Bayeux, Avranches and the Cotentin.〔Matthew Strickland, ''Anglo-Norman Warfare: Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Military Organization and Warfare'' (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1993), p. 187〕 The intervention of Henry's reserve proved decisive. Most of Robert's army was captured or killed. Besides Robert himself, those captured include Edgar Atheling (uncle of Henry's wife), and William, count of Mortain.〔Charles Wendell David, ''Robert Curthose'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920), p. 175〕 Robert de Bellême, commanding the Duke's rear guard, turned his back on the duke and led the retreat saving himself from capture or death.〔Kathleen Thompson, 'Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Bellême', ''Journal of Medieval History'', Vol. 20 (1994), p. 137〕 Most of the prisoners were released, but Robert Curthose and William of Mortain were to spend the rest of their lives in captivity.〔Charles Wendell David, ''Robert Curthose'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920), p. 179〕 But Robert Curthose had a legitimate son, William Clito, whose claims to the dukedom of Normandy led to several rebellions that continued through the rest of Henry's reign.〔François Neveux, ''The Normans; The Conquests the Changed the Face of Europe'', trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2008), p. 177〕
==References==
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