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Baul
The Baul ((ベンガル語:বাউল)) are a group of mystic minstrels from Bengal which includes Indian State of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of Vaishnava Hindus and Sufi Muslims.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Baul (Indian music) )〕 They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Not much is known of their origin. Lalon Fokir is regarded as the most important poet-practitioner of the Baul tradition. Baul music had a great influence on Rabindranath Tagore's poetry and on his music (Rabindra Sangeet).
Though Bauls comprise only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the culture of Bengal is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition was included in the list of "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO.〔(Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity ). UNESCO. 25 September 2005.〕
==Etymology==
The word Baul has its etymological origin in the Sanskrit word ''Vatula'' ("mad", from ''vayu'' - "air" or "wind") and is used for someone who is possessed or crazy. Bauls are an extension of the ''Sahajiya'' philosophy, which in turn derives from the Nath tradition. They believe in living the world as a half-sanyasi.
The origin of the word is ''Baul'' is debated. Some modern scholars, like Shashibhusan Das Gupta have suggested that it may be derived either from Sanskrit word ''vatula'', which means "enlightened, lashed by the wind to the point of losing one's sanity, god's madcap, detached from the world, and seeker of truth", or from ''vyakula'', which means "restless, agitated" and both of these derivations are consistent with the modern sense of the word, which denotes the inspired people with an ecstatic eagerness for a spiritual life, where a person can realise his union with the eternal beloved – the ''Maner Manush'' (the man of the heart).〔Das Gupta, Shashibhusan (1946, reprint 1995). ''Obscure Religious Cults'', Calcutta: Firma KLM, ISBN 81-7102-020-8, pp.160-1〕
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