|
A beedi (; from (ヒンディー語:बीड़ी); also spelled bidi〔 or biri〔) is a thin, Indian〔 cigarette filled with tobacco flake and wrapped in a tendu〔 or possibly even ''Piliostigma racemosum''〔 leaf tied with a string at one end. The name is derived from the Marwari word ''beeda''—a mixture of betel nuts, herbs, and spices wrapped in a leaf.〔 A traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East,〔 today beedies are popular〔 and inexpensive〔 in India. There, beedi consumption outpaces that of conventional cigarettes〔 and these tobacco-filled leaves deliver more nicotine,〔 carbon monoxide,〔 and tar〔 and carry a greater risk of oral cancers.〔 Beedies accounted for 48% of Indian tobacco consumption in 2008.〔 As with many other types of smoking, beedis increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers, heart disease, and lung disease.〔 They may also be more harmful than other forms of tobacco consumption.〔 ==History of the beedi== Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century,〔 and beedies were first created in Gujarat when tobacco workers took left-over tobacco and rolled it in leaves.〔 Initially the leaf used was kachnar. In 1899, during the Gujarat famine, brothers Mohanlal Hargovindas Patel migrated to Jabalpur region as railway contractors. They discovered that the local tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves are ideal for wrapping the tobacco and founded the beedi rolling factories locally. The first trademark was registered by Haribhai Desai of Bombay (using kachnar leaves) 1901, and Mohanlal and Hargovindas obtained their trademark in 1902 for tendu-rolled beedi.〔 The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s〔 probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time〔 but also helped by Gandhi's support of Indian industry and Indian products.〔〔 Perhaps due to this, educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies to cigarettes〔 although this is no longer the case.〔 Muslim leaders, calling cigarettes foreign products, have also endorsed beedies at times. By the middle of the 20th century beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive industry.〔 This stage of commercial production—at the height of the beedi's popularity—saw the creation of many new beedi brands〔 as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred, primarily male, beedi rollers.〔 Factory-based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s, '50s, and '60s,〔 and beedi-making became a cottage industry with a home-based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling.〔 In contrast, males continue to be employed in other aspects of beedi production.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beedi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|