|
Beekeeping (or apiculture, from (ラテン語:apis) "bee") is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard". Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in the Middle East. Domestication is shown in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. It wasn't until the 18th century that European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony. == History of beekeeping == At some point humans began to attempt to domesticate wild bees in artificial hives made from hollow logs, wooden boxes, pottery vessels, and woven straw baskets or "skeps". Traces of beeswax are found in pot sherds throughout the Middle East beginning about 7000 BCE.〔 Honeybees were kept in Egypt from antiquity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ancient Egypt: Bee-keeping )〕 On the walls of the sun temple of Nyuserre Ini from the Fifth Dynasty, before 2422 BCE, workers are depicted blowing smoke into hives as they are removing honeycombs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Beekeeping in Ancient Egypt )〕 Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of Pabasa from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty (c. 650 BCE), depicting pouring honey in jars and cylindrical hives.〔(Apiculture in Egypt, Dr Tarek Issa Abd El-Wahab )〕 Sealed pots of honey were found in the grave goods of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. There was documented attempt to introduce bees to dry areas of Mesopotamia in the 8th century BCE by Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Mari and Suhu. His plans were detailed in a stele of 760 BCE:〔 In prehistoric Greece (Crete and Mycenae), there existed a system of high-status apiculture, as can be concluded from the finds of hives, smoking pots, honey extractors and other beekeeping paraphernalia in Knossos. Beekeeping was considered a highly valued industry controlled by beekeeping overseers—owners of gold rings depicting apiculture scenes rather than religious ones as they have been reinterpreted recently, contra Sir Arthur Evans.〔Haralampos V. Harissis, Anastasios V. Harissis. Apiculture in the Prehistoric Aegean. Minoan and Mycenaean Symbols Revisited. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 2009 https://www.academia.edu/1259037/Apiculture_in_the_Prehistoric_Aegean._Minoan_and_Mycenaean_Symbols_Revisited〕 Archaeological finds relating to beekeeping have been discovered at Rehov, a Bronze and Iron Age archaeological site in the Jordan Valley, Israel.〔(Oldest known archaeological example of beekeeping discovered in Israel ) (September 1st, 2008)〕 Thirty intact hives, made of straw and unbaked clay, were discovered by archaeologist Amihai Mazar in the ruins of the city, dating from about 900 BCE. The hives were found in orderly rows, three high, in a manner that could have accommodated around 100 hives, held more than 1 million bees and had a potential annual yield of 500 kilograms of honey and 70 kilograms of beeswax, according to Mazar, and are evidence that an advanced honey industry existed in ancient Israel 3,000 years ago.〔Mazar, Amihai and Panitz-Cohen, Nava, (December 2007) (''It Is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov'' ) Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 70, Number 4, ISSN 1094-2076〕〔Friedman, Matti (September 4, 2007), ("Israeli archaeologists find 3,000-year-old beehives" ) in ''USA Today'', Retrieved 2010-01-04〕〔Crane, Eva ''The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting'', Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-92467-7, ISBN 978-0-415-92467-2, 720pp.〕 In ancient Greece, aspects of the lives of bees and beekeeping are discussed at length by Aristotle. Beekeeping was also documented by the Roman writers Virgil, Gaius Julius Hyginus, Varro, and Columella. Beekeeping has also been practiced in ancient China since antiquity. In the book "Golden Rules of Business Success" written by Fan Li (or Tao Zhu Gong) during the Spring and Autumn Period there are sections describing the art of beekeeping, stressing the importance of the quality of the wooden box used and how this can affect the quality of the honey. The ancient Maya domesticated a separate species of stingless bee. The use of stingless bees is referred to as meliponiculture, named after bees of the tribe Meliponini--such as ''Melipona quadrifasciata'' in Brazil. This variation of bee keeping still occurs around the world today. For instance, in Australia, the stingless bee ''Tetragonula carbonaria'' is kept for production of their honey. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beekeeping」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|