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Begadkefat (also begadkephat, begedkefet) is the name given to a phenomenon of spirantization affecting the non-emphatic plosive consonants of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic when they are preceded by a vowel and not geminated. The name is also given to similar cases of spirantization of post-vocalic plosives in other languages, for instance, in the Berber language of Djerba.〔See for instance: Werner Vycichl, "Begadkefat im Berberischen", in: James and Theodora Bynon (eds.), ''Hamito-Semitica'', London 1975, pp. 315-317.〕 Irish Gaelic has a similar system. The phenomenon is attributed to the following consonants: The name of the phenomenon is made up with these 6 consonants, mixed with haphazard vowels for the sake of pronunciation: BeGaDKePaT. The Hebrew term (Modern Heb. pronun. ) denotes the letters themselves (rather than the phenomenon of spirantization). Begedkefet spirantization developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic.〔Or perhaps Hurrian, but this is unlikely, c.f. Dolgoposky 1999, pp. 72-73.〕 Its time of emergence can be found by noting that the Old Aramaic phonemes , disappeared in the 7th century BC.〔Dolsopolsky 1999, p. 72.〕 It persisted in Hebrew until the 2nd century CE.〔Dolgopolsky 1999, p. 73.〕 During this period all six plosive / fricative pairs were allophonic. In Modern Hebrew three of the six letters, ''ב'' (bet), ''כ'' (kaf) and ''פ'' (pe), each still denote a plosive – fricative variant pair; these variants are, however, no longer purely allophonic (see below). Although orthographic variants of ''ג'' (gimel), ''ד'' (dalet) and ''ת'' (tav) still exist, these letters' pronunciation always remains acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable.〔In modern Hebrew, the letter gimel modified by the diacritic geresh – ג׳ – is pronounced as the affricate ; this, however, denotes a separate phoneme, not connected to the phenomenon of spirantization: compare e.g. גז ("fleece") ←→ ג׳ז ("jazz"); חג ("holiday") ←→ חג׳ ("the Hajj"). Conversely, dalet and tav with a geresh – ד׳ and ת׳ – respectively do denote the fricatives and , however never as sounds in Hebrew words or even loanwords, but are rather used exclusively for the hebraization of foreign language texts or the transliteration of foreign names. Also these modern Hebrew variants have nothing to do with the phenomenon of spirantization.〕 In Yiddish, also ''ת'' (tav) can denote a fricative variant, which is . ==Orthography== In Hebrew writing with niqqud, a dot in the center of one of these letters, called dagesh ( ּ ), marks the plosive articulation: * at the beginning of a word or after a consonant (in which cases it is termed "dagesh qal"〔In modern Hebrew ktiv menuqad, the dagesh qal is marked also in the three begedkefet letters which can no longer denote a fricative variant – ג (), ד () and ת () – conserving the masoretic niqqud tradition.〕), * when the sound is – or was historically – geminated (in which case it is termed "(unicode:dagesh ẖazaq)", a mark for historical gemination in most other consonants of the language as well), and * in some modern Hebrew words independently of these conditions (see below). A line (similar to a macron) placed above it, called "rafe" ( ֿ ), marks in Yiddish (and rarely in Hebrew) the fricative articulation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Begadkefat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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