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Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is an approach to psychology that focuses on an individual's behavior. It combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and psychological theory. It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to depth psychology and other more traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of methodological behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson and others, is that psychology should have only concerned itself with observable events. Behaviorist philosophies shifted somewhat during the 1940s and 1950s and again since the 1980s. Radical behaviorism is a conceptual variant purposed by B. F. Skinner that acknowledges the presence of private events—including cognition and emotions—and suggests that they are subject to the same controlling variables as are observable behaviors. From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways. Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning—which depends on stimulus procedures to establish reflexes and respondent behaviors; Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to observable behaviors; and B.F. Skinner, who conducted research on operant conditioning (which uses antecedents and consequences to change behavior) and emphasized observing private events (see Radical behaviorism).〔 In the second half of the 20th century, behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution.〔Friesen, N. (2005). Mind and Machine: Ethical and Epistemological Implications for Research. Thompson Rivers University, B.C., Canada.〕〔Waldrop, M.M. (2002). ''The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider and the revolution that made computing personal''. New York: Penguin Books. (pp. 139–40).〕 During this time cognitive-behavioral therapy evolved; this procedure has demonstrable utility in treating certain pathologies, such as simple phobias, PTSD, and addiction. The application of radical behaviorism—known as applied behavior analysis—is used in a variety of settings, including, for example, organizational behavior management, fostering diet and fitness, and the treatment of such mental disorders as autism and substance abuse. In addition, while behaviorism and cognitive schools of psychological thought may not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in practical therapeutic applications, such as in clinical behavior analysis.〔 ==Versions== There is no universally agreed-upon classification, but some titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include: * Methodological: Watson's behaviorism states that only public events (behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed, and that therefore private events (thoughts and feelings) should be ignored. * Radical: Skinner's behaviorism expands behavioral principles to processes within the organism. It acknowledges the presence of private events such as thoughts and feelings, and suggests that environmental variables control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors. Willard Van Orman Quine used many of radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowledge and language. * Teleological: Post-Skinnerian, purposive, close to microeconomics. Focuses on objective observation as opposed to cognitive processes. * Theoretical: Post-Skinnerian, accepts observable internal states ("within the skin" once meant "unobservable," but with modern technology we are not so constrained); dynamic, but eclectic in choice of theoretical structures, emphasizes parsimony. * Biological: Post-Skinnerian, centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior, theory of behavior systems. * Psychological behaviorism (PB) Arthur W. Staats: First general behaviorism that centers on human behavior. Created time-out, token-reinforcement and other methods, analyses, findings and the theory of that helped form behavioral child development, education, abnormal, and clinical areas—also terming this behavioral analysis in 1963. PB laid the basis for cognitive behavior therapy, provides basic theory and research that unifies emotional and behavioral conditioning, and introduces new avenues for basic and applied behavior analysis.〔Staats, Arthur W.; Staats, Carolyn K.: ''Complex human behavior: A systematic extension of learning principles''. (1963) New York, NY, US: Holt, Rinehart & Winston〕〔Staats, A.W.: ''Learning, language, and cognition''.(1968) New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston〕 Two subtypes are: * Hullian and post-Hullian: theoretical, group data, not dynamic, physiological; * Purposive: Tolman's behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Behaviorism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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