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Belial (also known as Beliar) is a term occurring in the Hebrew Bible which later became personified as the devil〔http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ascension.html〕 in Jewish and Christian texts.〔Minor Prophets: Volume 2 - Page 46 Michael H. Floyd - 2000 Nahum "In late biblical times beliya'al came to designate a mythic personification of evil, and Belial thus became the name of a satanic figure... Two considerations militate against this sort of reading, one historical and the other grammatical. First, the mythic personification of Belial appears to have been a rather late development, and there is no good reason to suppose that beliya'al had assumed this meaning by the time Nahum was composed. There is no evidence of a satanic figure named Belial in biblical or extrabiblical literature from earlier than the third century BCE (T. J. Lewis, "Belial," ABD 1 :655-56), and most scholars would date the final edition of .."〕 ==Hebrew Bible== The term ''belial'' (בְלִיַּעַל ''bĕli-yaal'') is a Hebrew adjective meaning "worthless" from two common words ''beli-'' (בְּלִי "without-") and ''ya'al'' ( יָעַל "value"). It occurs twenty-seven times in the Masoretic Text, in verses such as the following: * "A naughty person (Hebrew ''adam beli-yaal'')" Book of Proverbs 6:12〔The Epistles to the Corinthians (text ) with notes and ... - Page 131 Arthur Penrhyn Stanley - 1855 "The fullest description of a man of Belial in the Old Testament is in . : " A naughty person (' Adam Belial'), a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth. () He winketh with his eyes, he speaketh with his feet, he teacheth with ..."〕 Of these 27 occurrences, the idiom "sons of Belial" (בְּנֵֽי־בְלִיַּעַל ''beni beliyaal'') appears 15 times to indicate worthless people, including idolaters (Deuteronomy 13:13), the men of Gibeah (Judges 19:22, 20:13), the sons of Eli (1 Samuel 2:12), Nabal, and Shimei. In the King James Version of the Christian Bible, these occurrences are rendered with "Belial" capitalised: * "the sons of Eli were sons of Belial " (KJV) In modern versions these are usually read as a phrase: * "the sons of Eli were worthless men " (NRSV, NIV) In the Hebrew text the phrase is either "sons of Belial" or simply "sons of worthlessness."〔"Reformed" Is Not Enough - Page 148 Douglas Wilson - 2002 "What are we to make of the phrase “sons of Belial”? In every instance of the phrase in the Old Testament, it always refers to members of the covenant whose lives were completely at odds with the terms of it, and whose hollowness was ..."〕〔Exploring People of the Old Testament: Volume 2 John Phillips - 2006 "Eli's Sons Were Unregenerate (2:12) 1 Samuel 2:12 says, “The sons of Eli were worthless men,” or “sons of Belial.” We would say ... "〕 However "sons of" phrases are a common semitic idiom such as "sons of destruction" "sons of lawlessness".〔Commentary on the New Testament use of the Old Testament Gregory K. Beale, D. A. Carson - 2007 "... "But as for you, come here, you sons of lawlessness Are you not children of destruction, a lawless seed?" Both phrases involve a Semitic idiom in which a generic personal noun ("son," "man," "master," etc.) followed by an adjectival genitive ..."〕 The etymology of the word is traditionally understood as "lacking worth".〔Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible'', p 77.〕 Some scholars translate it from Hebrew as "worthless" (''Beli yo'il''), while others translate it as "yokeless" (''Beli ol''), "may have no rising" (''Belial'') or "never to rise" (''Beli ya'al''). Only a few etymologists have assumed it to be an invented name from the start.〔(JewishEncyclopedia.com: Belial )〕 (Be′li·al) (Heb., meaning "lacking benefit"; a compound of beli′, "not, lacking," and ya·‛al′, "be of benefit; be beneficial" ). The quality or state of being useless, base, lacking benefit. The Hebrew term ''beli·ya′‛al'' is applied to ideas, words, and counsel,〔De 15:9; Ps 101:3; Na 1:11〕 to calamitous circumstances,〔Ps 41:8〕 and most frequently, to worthless men of the lowest sort—for example, men who would induce worship of other gods;〔De 13:13〕 those of Benjamin who committed the sex crime at Gibeah;〔Jg 19:22-27; 20:13〕 the wicked sons of Eli;〔1Sa 2:12〕 insolent Nabal;〔1Sa 25:17, 25〕 opposers of God’s anointed, David;〔2Sa 20:1; 22:5; 23:6; Ps 18:4〕 Rehoboam's unsteady associates;〔2Ch 13:7〕 Jezebel's conspirators against Naboth;〔1Ki 21:10, 13〕 and men in general who stir up contention.〔Pr 6:12-14; 16:27; 19:28〕 Indicating that the enemy power would no longer interfere with the carrying out of true worship by his people in their land, YHWH declared through his prophet: "No more will any worthless person pass again through you. In his entirety he will certainly be cut off."〔Na 1:15; see also 1Sa 1:16; 10:27; 30:22; Job 34:18〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Belial」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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