|
Berberis () is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from tall found throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South America, Africa and Asia; Europe and North America have native species as well. The most well-known ''Berberis'' species is the so-called European barberry, ''Berberis vulgaris'', which is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia. Many of the species have spines on the shoots and along the margins of the leaves.〔〔(Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 715 小檗属 xiao bo shu ''Berberis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 330. 1753. )〕 ==Description== The genus ''Berberis'' has dimorphic shoots: long shoots which form the structure of the plant, and short shoots only long. The leaves on long shoots are non-photosynthetic, developed into three-spined thorns long; the bud in the axil of each thorn-leaf then develops a short shoot with several normal, photosynthetic leaves. These leaves are long, simple, and either entire, or with spiny margins. Only on young seedlings do leaves develop on the long shoots, with the adult foliage style developing after the young plant is 1–2 years old. Many deciduous species, such as ''Berberis thunbergii or B. vulgaris'', are noted for their attractive pink or red autumn color. In some evergreen species from China, such as ''B. candidula or B. verruculosa'', the leaves are brilliant white beneath, a feature valued horticulturally. Some horticultural variants of ''B. thunbergii'' have dark red to violet foliage. The flowers are produced singly or in racemes of up to 20 on a single flower-head. They are yellow or orange, long, with six sepals and six petals in alternating whorls of three, the sepals usually colored like the petals. The fruit is a small berry long, ripening red or dark blue, often with a pink or violet waxy surface bloom; in some species, they may be long and narrow, but are spherical in other species. Some authors regard the compound-leaved species as a separate genus, ''Mahonia''. There are no consistent differences between the two groups other than the compound leaves, and studies suggest that the simple-leaved group is very likely polyphyletic.〔(Flora of North America, vol 3 )〕〔Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.〕〔Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from ''Mahonia'' to ''Berberis''. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.〕〔Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from ''Mahonia'' to ''Berberis''. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berberis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|