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Berossus
Berossus or Berosus (; name possibly derived from , "Bel is his shepherd"; (ギリシア語:Βήρωσσος))〔The suggestion was made by Heinrich Zimmern; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, "Neue Studien zu Berossos" ''Klio'' 22 (1929:29)〕 was a Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer, a priest of Bel Marduk〔Seneca ''Nat. Questiones'' III.29: "''Berosus, qui Belum interpretatus est..."'', "Berossus, who expounded the doctrine of Bel/Marduk" (''interpretatus'' as rendered by W. G. Lambert, "Berossus and Babylonian Eschatology" ''Iraq,'' 38.2 (Autumn 1976:171-173) p. 172.〕 and astronomer who wrote in the Koine Greek language, and who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Versions of two excerpts of his writings survive, at several removes from the original.
==Life and work==
Using ancient Babylonian records and texts that are lost to us, Berossus published the ''Babyloniaca'' (hereafter, ''History of Babylonia'') in three books some time around 290–278 BC, by the patronage〔A. Kuhrt, "Berossus's ''Babyloniaca'' and Seleucid Rule in Babylonia," in A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White (eds.), ''Hellenism in the East'' (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press) 1987:55f.〕 of the Macedonian/Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (during the third year of his reign, according to Diodorus Siculus〔Diodorus Siculus, ''Library'' 3.42.1.〕). Certain astrological fragments recorded by Pliny the Elder, Censorinus, Flavius Josephus, and Marcus Vitruvius Pollio are also attributed to Berossus, but are of unknown provenance, or indeed are uncertain as to where they might fit into his ''History''. Vitruvius credits him with the invention of the semi-circular sundial hollowed out of a cubical block.〔Vitruvius, ''De architectura'', viii.8.1; in ix.2.1 he notes Berossus teaching that the moon was a ball one half luminous, the rest of a blue color.〕 A statue of him was erected in Athens, perhaps attesting to his fame and scholarship as historian and astronomer-astrologer.
A separate work, ''Procreatio'', is attributed to him by the Latin commentaries on Aratus, ''Commentariorium in Aratum Reliquiae'', but there is no proof of this connection. However, a direct citation (name and title) is rare in antiquity, and it may have referred to Book 1 of his ''History''.
He was born during or before Alexander the Great's reign over Babylon (330–323 BC), with the earliest date suggested as 340 BC. According to Vitruvius's work ''de Architectura'', he relocated eventually to the island of Kos off the coast of Asia Minor and established a school of astrology there〔Vitruvius, ix.6.2.〕 by the patronage of the king of Egypt. However, scholars have questioned whether it would have been possible to work under the Seleucids and then relocate to a region experiencing Ptolemaic control late in life. It is not known when he died.
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